Econs Tut

The policies directed at the capital account could include interest rate policy, action policy (related to Foreign Direct Investments) and complementary infrastructure and Other supply side policies such as employer CAP levels. To manipulate current account, the government by and large does not use protectionism except for domestic service sectors, such as banking, fiscal policy due to small multiplier and does not aggressively undervalue currency because of fears of imported inflation.For the capital account, since we have elected to choose exchange rates and free capital movements as our two choices, it does not use interest rate and UAPITA controls. Singapore does not want to scare away Foreign Direct Investments by implementing controls. Singapore mainly relies on supply side policies as the government tends to be more far-sighted and focuses on returns on the long run. The Balance of Payments will be analyzed as such.Even in crisis periods such as early 2009, Singapore does not react much with exchange rate changes but instead encouraging foreign and few domestic firms to remain in Singapore by offering lower wage (and subsidizing for the lowest wage) and better tax areas. The opinion is that sudden exchange rate changes are inflationary and destabilize. Therefore, the typical exchange rate policy has been one of the slow and steady appreciate of the Singapore dollar in line with gradual improvement in performance of the current account.The underlying policy behind the improved current account performance and how the exchange rate strengthened Balance of Payments come from the following. If rusty, Singapore develops current account in areas of higher value added to AP into growing world of incomes and to avoid goods where prices are volatile, such as those primary products exported by many developing countries. Also, Singapore constantly aims to raise value added to stay ahead of other countries which are building their current account.This involves increa sing expenditure on human capital and strategic alliances with firms that can make use of such labor by offering supply side support. Critic: Employer's CAP, Wage Flexibility, PR Protection, Physical infrastructure improvement, corporate tax regimes, manpower development There is not much to change because Singapore has one of the strongest current accounts in the world.

Apple Revenue Recogonition

Apple revenue recognition Apple Inc Revenue Recognition Concepts A. Revenue is gross amount a company received or billed from service provided or units sold, Revenue is earned regardless money come in or not at that particular time. It is assumed revenue is earned, when it is realizable, and earned. Revenues are derived from company normal operation. The company exist to sell it is core product or services to the market. Gain rise from non operation activities of the entity. An asset sells can be considered a gain if the company originally depreciated the assets to zero, then sell it.Even know the company used the assets to generate revenue, the assets transaction is a gain, because it is not a core business transaction. The primary function of a business is not to sell the assets for a gain. Any amount of gain from non operation of core business is considered to be a gain. Examples are currency gain, Short term investment gain, and extraordinary gain. B. When a business recognized r evenue, it means it has earned the revenue, and it is realizable in that period, which indicated a transaction, or service has occurred.The business did its obligation to bill or accepts money at that period. The business has full expectation it will receive the revenue in the near term depending the billing agreements. The income statement is affected by revenue recognition, also the balance sheet is affected, and all this individuals: Account receivable, Tax payable, COGS, Cash, Unearned revenue. The revenue criteria from FASB concept 5 says: revenue to be recognized on the income statement, revenue must be realized, or realizable and earned. CYes, they do align with FASB standards; Apple recognized revenue when persuasive evidence of transfer ownership arrangement exists. 1. Entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods; 2. Entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold 3. The amount of revenue can be measured reliably; 4. It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity. DThe multiple element contract is referring to the embedded unspecified upgrade right that the company might be obligated to provide. It is difficult to put a monetary value, because the company has to estimate the cost of upgrade, and once they estimate the cost, the company must set deferred revenue by subtracting it from original sales. The new rules allowed the company to estimate as low as possible because the upgrade costs are not that significant to swing the income statement. E Compensation metric could be aligned with revenue growth. FITunes songs sold online on net basis, and recognized when transaction occurred Mac-branded accessories are recognized when billed, if it sold online apple waits until customers receive the items, because apple is liable until delivery. IPod sold to third party reseller in India is recognized when apple billed the third party. G Apple recognized the amount it billed it‘s customers, apple takes inventory risks, therefore it recognized the gross amount it billed, if it sold online from another company, apple only recognized net sales. H 50 Mac * 2800 = 140,000Unit price 2,500 Software + 2 years service =300 Apple will recognize the whole gross sale 140,000 as revenue for 2010. Because apple took the inventory risk, Apple will bill the community college the 140,000, and recognized the same amount as the revenue. I Account receivable |Dr. |Cr. | |Sep 26,2009 $3361 | | | |$2149 | |Sep, 25,2010 $5510 | | Deferred Revenue |Dr. Cr | |Sep,25,2009 $2906 | | | |$1217 | |Sep,26,2010 $4123 | | Net sale |Dr. |Cr. | |Sep, 26, 2009 $42,905 | | | |$22,320 | |Sep, 26,2010 $65,225 | | IJournal Entry Unearned revenue2053 Sale Revenue2053 Deferred Revenue |Dr. Cr | |Sep,25,2010 $2053 |Sep,26,2009 $2053 | | | | |Sep,26,2010 |0 | Sale Revenue |Dr. |Cr | |Sep,25,2010 |$2053 | | | | |Sep,26,2010 |$2053 II Journal entry Cash21,225 Account receivable 44,000 Sale Revenue65,225 Unearned Revenue |Dr. |Cr | |Sep,25,2010 $2903 |Sep,26,2009 $2903 | | | | |Sep,26,2010 |$0 | Sale Revenue |Dr. Cr | | |Sep,25,2010 $2903 | | | | | |$62,322 | |Sep,26,2010 | | | |$65,225 | III Journal Entry Cash44,000 Account Receivable44,000 Analysis JI under the old model revenue was deferred and recognized each year on straight line basis over its economic life of the product, but under the new model Apple is able to take significant portion of the sale at the time of transaction. IIProspective can only apply to future while retrospective can apply to the past transactions. Apple elected to use retrospective. K Iincreased its net income IIBalance sheet and Cash Flow statement (operation). IIImproved gross margin LMost of the cost good already occurred before apple was able to recognized revenue. Therefore, Apple must adjust individual account to match its expense, and revenue.MIncreased operation cash flow NAccounting rules, and procedures might be preventing unfair reporting, but it has a major flaws. One of the flows is accounting doesn’t adapt quickly to economic condition. Accounting numbers doesn’t really reflect the true value of a company. Account is lagging indicator. One industry can benefits from particular accounting procedure, and rules, but it can also hurt another industry by not reflecting true economic value. We will like to report to our shareholders actual reflection of our operation, but accounting procedures doesn’t allow us to communicate the actual result.

Media and the Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Media and the Family - Essay Example Perfection is unattainable, unrealistic, and potentially dull and sterile."1 In a dysfunctional family, however, "some parents under-function, leaving their children to fend for themselves. Other parents over-function, never allowing their children to grow up and be on their own. Others are inconsistent or violate basic boundaries of appropriate behavior."2 A number of factors may directly or indirectly affect the functioning of each member or the family as a whole. Parenting styles may be considered a direct factor. One of the factors indirectly affecting its stability and the functioning of its members, on the other hand, is the television. This is based from the fact that among the habitual activities that draw members of the family together is spending time watching the television. Such occur when the perception of the art becomes a perception of the reality. Hence, television is usually secondary to other activities, affecting other activities and vice versa. Especially, nowadays that reality shows such as the "Big Brother" has invaded the TV screens where a dramatic increase of surveillance is present. The Big Brother Show showcases individuals from different localities who are chosen to live in a big house (that of Big Brother). Everything that they do is, in effect, seen on public TV. This is what Yevgeny Zamyatin (2005)3 calls surveillance in the media. Increase in surveillance in the twentieth-century has also been matched by an increase of voyeuristic entertainment, exemplified by the Orwellian titled television game show Big Brother. The entertainment value of voyeuristic surveillance has arguably rendered individuals more accepting of regulatory surveillance in their personal lives. This trend towards increasing surveillance coupled with a citizenry inured to a constant invasion of its privacy has formed the basis for a number of twentieth-century dystopian novels and films. According to Focus on the Family, "television viewing has grown steadily since the first sets were introduced in the late 1920s. American kids aged 2-18 now spend an average of 5:29 hours using media each day, with the lion's share of that attributed to TV.4 This is primarily caused by the number of changes that occurred since the first television sets were developed in the 1920s. The wobbly 24-line picture screens produced by early technology have evolved into today's high-definition TVs with nearly flawless picture quality. And there has never been more programming options available than today, thanks to cable and satellite receivers. Advances in technology opened more avenues for life as reflected on TV be made available to a larger and more complex viewers. Studies show extensive viewing may be to blame for aggressive or violent behavior, poor academic performance, precocious sexuality, obesity and substance abuse." 5 FOCUS This paper aims to establish that though the immense detrimental effects of television is undeniable, a responsible viewers' attitude such as guiding young audience specially when signs of these undesirable effects are present in shows being viewed, may in effect enhance the mental ability of the young viewer by making him more critical of the implications of what is portrayed on TV how he should respond to such manifestations. Such action should,

The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779-1783 Dissertation

The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779-1783 - Dissertation Example The battle tactics play a crucial role in enabling one side to win and other to get defeated, therefore for any army, it is essential to ponder in detail about the battle tactics to gain victory. British side used such battle tactics that made them accomplished while the battle tactics of French side were lacking due to which, they were defeated. In this paper, we will study the battle tactics of the Great Siege of Gibraltar in great detail as to find the reasons why the Great Siege of Gibraltar was unsuccessful. Background Gibraltar is an offshore territory of United Kingdom, which is located at the south of  Spain and  on the tip of the Iberian Peninsula. The name of  Gibraltar in fact  derives out from the Arabic  Jabal-al-Tarik (mount of Tarik) since capture of peninsula by the leader of Arabic fighter troops Tarik (Falkner 68). Spain wanted to capture Gibraltar from Britain due to commerce reason between America and Europe. At the start of the dispute both side agreed upon signing an agreement with mutual understanding at Spanish royal palace. Britain foreign minister was also favouring peace full agreement between two nations but agreement was not approved by the British parliament. Both countries declared war on 23 October 1739, with each other just after the beginning of war of Jenkins' Ear (Mann 214). Both sides decided to make trenches near the Gibraltar for gaining information about enemy. One squadron of Britain army was already stationed there. Britain ordered Admiral Vernon was ordered to sail from Portobello and join the squadron. Many years passed but hostilities did not break. King Phillip 5 of Spain died in 1746 and his successor again tried to negotiate the issue with Britain. British parliament showed seriousness in resolving the trade issues. British parliament also wanted to lift British embargo on Spain. Unfortunately, the king died and next king ever wanted negotiations with Britain (Mann 215). The new king signed family compac t with the king of France in 1761. France was already at war with Britain in 1761. Because of this new development, Britain declared war with Spain and captured colonial capitals of Havana and Manila. Finally, Spain was able to get back the cities of manila and Havana in exchange of Florida that was captured by Spain. This agreement took place under a treaty in 1763, known as â€Å"treaty of Paris† (Falkner 73). Then the peaceful years started and both France and Spain decided to wait for favourable situation and launch attack on Britain for gaining the lost territories. After the outbreak of American war of independence, France and Spain supported American rebels to defeat Britain in that war. France and Spain signed a treaty in 1779 the treaty is known as treaty of Aranjuez. According to the treaty, both France and Spain will support each other for gaining their lost territories from Britain. Spain declared war on Britain in June 1779 and France also supported Spain to secu re Gibraltar. Gibraltar was vital link in British control over the Mediterranean and wanted a quick capture of it for going on an all-out war against the Great Britain. The great siege of Gibraltar was among the longest sieges that are fought in the history of the world. France and Spain wanted to take hold of Gibraltar during the American War of Independence but their attempt remained unaccomplished. It was a joint effort by France and Spain and the

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Psychology - Essay Example Thailand has remained a model for organic farming. Many Thai companies are boasting of chemical free products today. Thailand’s Buddhist Asok movement helps to build organic farms and is a monk led movement, which has brought a change within the monk living style too. â€Å"Additionally, while several mainstream Thai monks are millionaires, Asok monks are not allowed to own any property and lay members living inside the community make no money. But everyone receives free food, lodging, and medical care, and students receive free education† http://www.newfarm.org/columns/Jason/2003/0303/thai_asok.shtml Thailand is feeding the world with many organic products other than the rice and in recent years this had been its valuable offering towards environment and it still remains the largest rice exporter in the world. Green Net has rendered yeomen service to organic revolution with its organising farm and trading activities. â€Å"Through more than 7-year experiences, Green Net believes that the main challenge for Third World organic movement is how to organise fair trade at national and international level which would truly benefit small-scale organic producers in a sustainable manner,† Alfoldic (2000, p.664). Organic marketing called Lemon Farms are spreading all over Thailand. Initially, it had not been easy to find customers. â€Å"It has proved difficult to get customers to pay more for generic products although there are some signs this is changing. For instance initial efforts to market organic fruits and vegetables in Thailand, ran into stiff marketing resistence† Charter (1999, p.347). â€Å"There are many doors into the organic community. Some folks come in through their alternative lifestyle. Some come desperately seeking ways to save their farms. Some are merely attracted by high organic soybean and dairy prices†. The Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms (WWOOF) has been spreading

Managment Change and Creativity in Organizations Essay

Managment Change and Creativity in Organizations - Essay Example As the discussion declares the nature of this complex phenomenon is elusive, thus vesting the scientific approach with the linear characteristics. The development of creativity research is taking various forms and seems to be growing into different directions, similarly to the buds on a branchy tree; the sprouting of the new sprigs is likely to bear underlying disposition to be considered. Despite being based on the common theoretical background, the research studies do not reflect the unified paradigm. The ambiguous and ephemeral essence of creativity stirs the interest towards the quintessence that is driven and drives the evolution. According to the paper findings the creativity is the engine of human aspiration. The concept forms a strong nexus with the innovation, which is the origin of the unexpected value, and it can hardly be underestimated in the context of the overall corporate performance. Without exaggeration, the new era has been born, and nowadays its prevalence dictates the new rules, where the major task is to transform the social and intellectual capital into fresh and necessary ideas. The abruptness of the knowledge economies shift has provoked the enormous curiosity towards creativity-innovation duet on open spaces of the workplace. Today, innovation is the main prerequisite for the corporate survival, frequently acting as the key to a variety of significant challenges on a worldwide scale, implying sustainability and global warming.

Economic Region - The Lower Mainland Region of British Columbia Assignment

Economic Region - The Lower Mainland Region of British Columbia - Assignment Example The Lower Mainland locale is profoundly incorporated, administration situated livelihood is more moved in the Vancouver Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Monetary action in the Lower Mainland area is required to hold enduring through 2013 on moderate work picks up and unassuming development in lodging movement. The trends in the growth of employment in the Lower Mainland have been stronger than different regions in the area, and ideal with respect to other significant markets in Canada. The Province of British Columbia offers a stable political and monetary environment. The political pendulum in British Columbia never swings too far and it follows a course that means to adjust financial, social, and ecological investments. The economy of the province is anticipated to increase by 79 percent between 2011 and 2041, as GDP goes from $170.8 billion to $305.6 billion, contrasted with 102 percent development in the course of recent decades, complete employment in the Lower Mainland region is anticipated to increase by 57 percent over the advancing three decades including more than 816,000 net new employment. This total development would be the result yearly job expansions averaging, contrasted with a normal of 2.4 percent every year in the course of recent decades, 2.0 percent growth over the advancing three decades. Livelihood is required to increase more gradually in the impending years than it has generally, an obstruction to attaining growth in employment in future will be the capacity of the provincial work power to keep pace with the expanding interest for labourers. The workforce is expected to grow by 1.4 percent every year while along with a 1.5 percent employment increase every year, hence, a declining unemployment rate. Given the standpoint for the supply of, and interest for, employees, the Lower Mainland’s unemployment rate would fall back towards four percent through the following decade, with the area having last encountered this level of unemployment in 2007-2008.  Ã‚  

Importance of heroism and glory in the Iliad and in the Aeneid Essay

Importance of heroism and glory in the Iliad and in the Aeneid - Essay Example Heroism can be defined by actions that require bravery, nobility, and often sacrifice. Heroism is exemplified by the character of Achilles in The Illiad. Achilles is a great warrior who also reveals deep emotional complexities for the events that take place in the story. Foley defines the Greek hero as being unseasonable, either negatively or positively extreme and antagonistic towards the god who has the most similar characteristic to the hero (87). Achilles follows all three of these categories, including the last in his antagonism towards the god Apollo, with whom he shares not only character attributes, but similarities in physical appearance (Foley 88). The role of heroism, however, played an important part in culture for both the Greeks and the Romans as it represented the beginnings of the notion of salvation. The stories of Greek and Roman gods portrayed some of the worst characteristics in humanity, but often it was the hero who redeemed the nature of man kind by his actions (Progress 343). Glory can be defined by exaltation of its subject matter. In the case of The Aenid, the glory of Rome is justified through the exalted nature of the emotional context of the actions within the poem. The intent was to glorify the community of Rome, thus bring unity.

Data Analyzing Tools And Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Data Analyzing Tools And Techniques - Essay Example These statistical presentations are unable to draw out in-depth coverage of the actual information even after the allocation of huge investment in data analysis. Consequently, alternative devices are being taken into serious consideration to transferring the knowledge along with a statistical presentation of the entire data. The present study presents the model that successfully presents the model that accepts the challenge of transferring the data to knowledge and results in a comprehensive and refined way by encompassing every characteristic of the given information separately. It neither drops any information from an analysis nor does it conceals basic knowledge the actual data intends to communicate; hence, it is of great value for taking steps towards right direction while taking decisions and devising strategies at different organizational levels at large. Policymaking always relies upon accurate facts in recruitment, placement, promotions and even dismissal of employees; it is equally significant for examining of corporate culture, profit rate and visits and satisfaction scales of the customers regarding a particular organization as well. The model is based upon five key competencies including software technology skills, statistical modeling and analytic skills, knowledge of the data, knowledge of the business and communication/partnering skills, all of which are essential for data analysis. Since over three-fifths of the managerial staff views organizational and cultural factors as the greatest barriers to achieving targets, the model provides the all-inclusive presentation about organizational culture too. Particularly, data related to sales volume is most important for managerial staff, comprehensive and analytical record of which is essential for future business plans in technological, transformational and analytic processes.

Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 Study Guide Essay Anatomy the study of the form or structure and arrangement of body parts and their relationships Physiology the study of the functions of the body parts or structures and their relationships in maintaining life processes. Levels of Structural Organization The human body consists of levels of structural organization that are associated with one another. There are six levels of structural organization: I. chemical level It is the simplest level and it includes all of the chemical substances essential for maintaining life. These substances are made up of atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Atoms combine to form molecules, which may be simple or complex. Different types of molecules combine to form or~anelles (little organs). Organelles are specific structures that carry out specific functions. 2. cellular level The cell is the basic unit of structure and function and of life. Cells vary in size, shape, and function and may contain many types of organelles. 3. tissue level Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a specific function. There are four major types of tissues in the human body: a. epithelial tissue It is found lining body cavities and covers the surface of the body. It functions in protection, secretion, and excretion. b. connective tissue It is found on the surfaces of and in organs and tissues and functions in protection, support, and attaching organs and tissues to each other and to the walls of body cavities. c. muscle tissue It functions in the movement of body parts and organs, and in the movement of substances throughout the body. There are three major types of muscle tissue: (1) skeletal muscle It is found attached to and covering bones and it functions in body movement. (2) cardiac muscle It is located in the heart wall and functions in the contraction and relaxation of the heart as it beats. (3) smooth muscle It is located in the walls of internal or visceral organs and it functions in moving substances throughout the body. d. nervous tissue It is located in the brain and spinal cord, and extends to various tissues and organs. It functions in transmitting electrical or nerve impulses from the external and internal environments to the brain and spinal cord where it is interpreted and a response occurs. 4. organ level Organs are groups of two or more types of tissue working together to perform a specific function. 5. organ system level ~ sTstems are groups of organs that work closely together to perform a common function. There are eleven organ systems in the human body: 6. organismal level It is the highest level of structural organization and it consists of groups of organ systems working together to maintain body structure and function. Organ systems work together to maintain an internal environment that is fairly constant, stable, or balanced. This is referred to as homeostasis (to stay the same). Changes do occur, but within very narrow ranges or limits. Homeostasis Body parts or structures function efficiently in maintaining metabolic processes and when the survival needs are within certain limits or optimum levels. The survival needs include: water, oxyqen, nutrients, an appropriate bod~ temperature, and atmospheric pressure. Water is necessary for chemical reactions, excretion, and secretion. Oxyqen is required for many of the metabolic reactions that break down nutrients and provide energy. Nutrients provide energy for cells and cell processes. Bod~ temperature must be maintained within a certain range for chemical reactions and cell processes to perform efficiently. If the body temperature falls too low or increases too high, chemical reactions will slow down or may stop. Atmospheric pressure is the force of air on the body surface by the weight of air. It is important in breathing and in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. To maintain homeostasis there are control mechanisms. Control mechanisms consist of three parts: i. receptor It responds to sensory stimuli from the internal and external environments. The information is sent along afferent pathways to the control center. 2. control center It consists of the brain and spinal cord which interpret and analyze the information and determine an appropriate response. Information is then sent along efferent pathways to the effector. 3. effector It consists of tissues, organs, or glands that perform a motor response to the original stimulus that was received by the receptor. The response involves a feedback mechanism. If the response slows down or inhibit~ the stimulus it is a neqative feedback mechanism. If the response speeds up or enhances the stimulus, it is a positive feedback mechanism. Most control mechanisms for homeostasis in the human body are negative feedback mechanisms.

Types Of Data Compression Computer Science Essay

Types Of Data Compression Computer Science Essay Data compression has come of age in the last 20 years. Both the quantity and the quality of the body of literature in this field provide ample proof of this. There are many known methods for data compression. They are based on different ideas, are suitable for different types of data, and produce different results, but they are all based on the same principle, namely they compress data by removing redundancies from the original data in the source file. This report discusses the different types of data compression, the advantages of data compression and the procedures of data compression. 2.0 DATA COMPRESSION Data compression is important in this age because of the amount of data that is transferred within a certain network. It makes the transfer of data relatively easy [1]. This section explains and compares lossy and lossless compression techniques. 2.1 LOSSLESS DATA COMPRESSION Lossless data compression makes use of data compression algorithms that allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. This can be contrasted to lossy data compression, which does not allow the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. Lossless data compression is used in many applications [2]. Lossless compression is used when it is vital that the original and the decompressed data be identical, or when no assumption can be made on whether certain deviation is uncritical. Most lossless compression programs implements two kinds of algorithms: one which generates a statistical model for the input data, and another which maps the input data to bit strings using this model in such a way that probable (e.g. frequently encountered) data will produce shorter output than improbable data. Often, only the former algorithm is named, while the second is implied (through common use, standardization etc.) or unspecified [3]. 2.2 LOSSY DATA COMPRESSION A lossy data compression technique is one where compressing data and its decompression retrieves data that may will be different from the original, but is close enough to be useful in some way. There are two basic lossy compression schemes: First is lossy transform codecs, where samples of picture or sound are taken, chopped into small segments, transformed into a new basis space, and quantized. The resulting quantized values are then entropy coded [4]. Second is lossy predictive codecs, where previous and/or subsequent decoded data is used to predict the current sound sample or image frame. In some systems the two methods are used, with transform codecs being used to compress the error signals generated by the predictive stage. The advantage of lossy methods over lossless methods is that in some cases a lossy method can produce a much smaller compressed file than any known lossless method, while still meeting the requirements of the application [4]. Lossless compression schemes are reversible in-order for the original data can be reconstructed, while lossy schemes accept some loss of data in order to achieve higher compression. In practice, lossy data compression will also come to a point where compressing again does not work, although an extremely lossy algorithm, which for example always removes the last byte of a file, will always compress a file up to the point where it is empty [5]. 2.3 LOSSLESS vs. LOSSY DATA COMPRESSION Lossless and lossy data compressions are two methods which are use to compressed data. Each technique has its individual used. A compression between the two techniques can be summarised as follow [4-5]: Lossless technique keeps the source as it is during compression while a change of the original source is expected in lossy technique but very close to the origin. Lossless technique is reversible process which means that the original data can be reconstructed. However, the lossy technique is irreversible due to the lost of some data during extraction. Lossless technique produces larger compressed file compared with lossy technique. Lossy technique is mostly used for images and sound. 3.0 DATA COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES Data compression is known as storing data in a way which requires fewer spaces than the typical. Generally, it is saving of space by the reduction in data size [6]. This section explains Huffman coding and Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) compression techniques. 3.1 HUFFMAN CODING Huffman coding is an entropy encoding method used for lossless data compression. The term means the use of a variable-length code table for encoding a source symbol (such as a character in a file) where the variable-length code table has been derived in a particular way based on the estimated probability of occurrence for each possible value of the source symbol. It was developed by David A. Huffman while he was a Ph.D. student at MIT, and published in the 1952 paper A Method for the Construction of Minimum-Redundancy Codes [4]. Huffman coding implements a special method for choosing the representation for each symbol, resulting in a prefix code (sometimes called prefix-free codes, that is, the bit string representing some particular symbol is never a prefix of the bit string representing any other symbol) that expresses the most common source symbols using shorter strings of bits than are used for less common source symbols [5]. The technique works by creating a binary tree of nodes. These can be stored in a regular array, the size of which depends on the number of symbols, n. A node can be either a leaf node or an internal node. Initially, all nodes are leaf nodes, which contain the symbol itself, the weight (frequency of appearance) of the symbol and optionally, a link to a parent node which makes it easy to read the code (in reverse) starting from a leaf node. Internal nodes contain symbol weight, links to two child nodes and the optional link to a parent node. The process practically starts with the leaf nodes containing the probabilities of the symbol they represent, and then a new node whose children are the 2 nodes with smallest probability is created, such that the new nodes probability is equal to the sum of the childrens probability. With the 2 nodes combined into one node (thus not considering them anymore), and with the new node being now considered, the procedure is repeated until only one node remains, the Huffman tree [4]. The simplest construction algorithm is one where a priority queues where the node with lowest probability is given highest priority [5]: 1. Create a leaf node for each symbol and add it to the priority queue. 2. While there is more than one node in the queue: Remove the two nodes of highest priority (lowest probability) from the queue. Create a new internal node with these two nodes as children and with probability equal to the sum of the two nodes probabilities. Add the new node to the queue. 3. The remaining node is the root node and the tree is complete [7]. Figure (1). 3.2 LEMPEL-ZIV-WELCH (LVW) COMPRESSION Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) is a data compression algorithm created by Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv, and Terry Welch. It was published by Welch in 1984 as a development of the LZ78 algorithm published by Lempel and Ziv in 1978. The algorithm is designed to be fast to implement but is not usually optimal because it performs only limited analysis of the data. LZW can also be called a  substitutional  or  dictionary-based encoding algorithm. The algorithm normally builds a  data dictionary  (also called a  translation table  or  string table) of data occurring in an uncompressed data stream. Patterns of data (substrings) are identified in the data stream and are matched to entries in the dictionary. If the substring is not present in the dictionary, a code phrase is created based on the data content of the substring, and it is stored in the dictionary. The phrase is then written to the compressed output stream [8]. When a reoccurrence of a substring is found in the data, the phrase of the substring already stored in the dictionary is written to the output. Because the phrase value has a physical size that is smaller than the substring it represents, data compression is achieved. Decoding LZW data is the reverse of encoding. The decompressor reads the code from the stream and adds the code to the data dictionary if it is not already there. The code is then translated into the string it represents and is written to the uncompressed output stream [8]. LZW goes beyond most dictionary-based compressors because it is not necessary to keep the dictionary to decode the LZW data stream. This can save quite a bit of space when storing the LZW-encoded data [9]. TIFF, among other file formats, applies the same method for graphic files. In TIFF, the pixel data is packed into bytes before being presented to LZW, so an LZW source byte might be a pixel value, part of a pixel value, or several pixel values, depending on the images bit depth and number of colour channels. GIF requires each LZW input symbol to be a pixel value. Because GIF allows 1- to 8-bit deep images, there are between 2 and 256 LZW input symbols in GIF, and the LZW dictionary is initialized accordingly. It is not important how the pixels might have been packed into storage; LZW will deal with them as a sequence of symbols [9]. The TIFF approach does not work very well for odd-size pixels, because packing the pixels into bytes creates byte sequences that do not match the original pixel sequences, and any patterns in the pixels are obscured. If pixel boundaries and byte boundaries agree (e.g., two 4-bit pixels per byte, or one 16-bit pixel every two bytes), then TIFFs method works well [10]. The GIF approach works better for odd-size bit depths, but it is difficult to extend it to more than eight bits per pixel because the LZW dictionary must become very large to achieve useful compression on large input alphabets. If variable-width codes were implemented, the encoder and decoder must be careful to change the width at the same points in the encoded data, or they will disagree about where the boundaries between individual codes fall in the stream [11]. 4.0 CONCLUSION In conclusion, because of the fact that one cant hope to compress everything, all compression algorithms must assume that there is some bias on the input messages so that some inputs are more likely than others, i.e. that there will always be some unbalanced probability distribution over the possible messages. Most compression algorithms base this bias on the structure of the messages i.e., an assumption that repeated characters are more likely than random characters, or that large white patches occur in typical images. Compression is therefore all about probability.

Lies My Teacher Told Me by James Loewen Essay -- Lies Teacher Told Loe

James Loewen wrote the book ?Lies My Teacher Told ME? to help the students of the United States become aware of their true history. This book attempts to show how and why American history has been taught the way it has without regard for the truth. Mr. Loewen had compared twelve different history textbooks they are: The Great Republic, The American Way, Land of Promise, Rise of the American Nation, Challenge of Freedom, American Adventures, Discovering American History, The American Tradition, Life and Liberty, The United States ? A History of the Republic, Triumph of the American Nation and The American Pageant. Loewen has argued his cases for Heroification, Euorcentrism and the first settlers, and Racism in our history. He has done this knowing fully that most people do not want to know the harsh realities of our nations past. The United States has tried to maintain a positive image throughout history. Unfortunately, it has many skeletons in its closet that need to come out to heal this great nation on many levels. If the public at large new the real role of racism in our nations infancy and how men tried to pursue their way of thinking as opposed to what is good for the country they would be ashamed at what the United States has stood for in the past. Heroification is a degenerative process that makes people into heroes regardless of any type of character flaw they may possess. It appears that Mr. Loewen?s greatest concern about heroification does not revolve around who gets chosen for the history books but what actually happens to them after they do. He cites two examples of people that had led colored lives but in our textbooks show them as people we should strive to become like. These two people are Helen Keller and President Woodrow Wilson. (Lies?19) Mr. Loewen feels that heroification has distorted the lives of Keller and Wilson and that we can no longer think straight about them. He does not just think this of these two but many other people throughout history. When it comes to Keller we think of someone who, throughout her entire life has struggled to overcome her disabilities. I feel that no one would dispute this but in reality Miss Keller was a radical Socialist for most of her life. This in itself is not so bad but her condemnation of the country into which she was born to and lived in could be considered treasonous. (Lies?20) President W... ...ime of the author rather then accurate historical facts. (Lies?293) Textbooks are being written this way and history is being taught this way to show people how they should act and strive to be. This relays to the student what is deemed acceptable to everyone and what is not. When it comes to a student remembering historical lessons they normally do not remember what is being taught to them unless they are moved by it. (Lies?301) So what is the result to a society where our students are being taught this way? The number one result is that students do not know the true history of their country nor do they remember what they were taught in class. This is a sad conclusion but Mr. Loewen feels it is an accurate one given responses to questions he has asked his students throughout the years. What can we do to change this and reeducate the people out there? Sadly I feel nothing can be done for those of us out there who are not truly aware of this misinformed way of teaching. But, our c hildren need not be sheltered from our true history, rather they should learn all that has happened so we can prevent the atrocities from reoccurring again. (Lies My Teacher Told Me ? James Loewen)

Place Matters :: essays research papers

Place Matters: Metropolitics for the Twenty-first Century â€Å"Could suburbs prosper independently of central cities? Probably. But would they prosper even more if they were a part of a better-integrated metropolis? The answer is almost certainly yes.† (p. 66) Deepening economic inequality is fundamentally associated with the spatial polarization between central cities and sprawling suburbs, and between wealthy regions and poorer ones. Government policies have promoted economic and racial segregation, encouraged businesses and the wealthy to move to outer suburbs, and effectively limited the poor and minorities to central cities or troubled inner-ring suburbs. It was interesting to find that 39 percent of all earnings in New Orleans come from residents who worked in the central city. I did not think that the central city of New Orleans had such a dense market for higher paying jobs! This fact is very positive for the city, and hopefully the corporate services industry continues to grow here in New Orleans because the density allows for overall productivity. And the suburban property values outside New Orleans depend on the availability of jobs and an active economy in the Central Business District. So places like Metairie and River Ridge or â€Å"edge cities† really rely on the strength of the central city of New Orleans. Therefore it should be the vested interest of both city and suburban residents to scrutinize federal policy that affects the economic health of all cities. After reading Place Matters, I realized that all city mayors have struggled and will continue to struggle with addressing and implementing a plan for the concentration of poverty in their cities. They all take different approaches- some believe that instead of concentrating on anti-poverty programs, they want attract new investments, such as international companies to promote smart growth. This is to trickle down the services from taxes and create jobs for the motivated poor. In order to attract these international companies, the city infrastructure must also be attractive. Policies that do not take care of city infrastructure and development get little interest from outside corporate capital for investment. Secondly, they also promise things like better jobs, better low-income housing, and better schools but all to often this is a ploy to rally support for votes. Inner city poverty ends up being far too great of an overwhelming problem; so voting is usually swayed to more programs t hat aid the poor rather than fix the problems. The wealthy want and need different things than the poor and much less involved than their counterparts.

Explain the value that professional nursing organizations have in networking and in the legislative process. Provide a rationale for your response Essay

Professional nursing organizations range from general, such as the ANA, which represents the nursing profession and the interests of its members, to specific, which are those that represent a certain specialty, such as the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. Professional nursing organizations can help nurses stay current in the field of study or specialty, network with other nurses, as well as many other professional and personal benefits. According to Guerrieri (2010), â€Å"Belonging to a professional nursing organization brings increased professionalism, autonomy, and self-regulation while offering additional benefits such as social interactions and peer support† (p.47). Networking is certainly one of the benefits offered by nursing organizations to its members, which may include conventions, online discussions, and forums. These social networks provide opportunities for â€Å"rapid knowledge exchange and dissemination among many people† (ANA, 2011, p.3). By connecting with other nurses, members may get a chance to hear how others are handling the same issues. Organizations can also contribute to professional growth through networking at local and national meetings. Moreover, members can serve as officers or committee chairs, which will aid in the development of leadership skills (Guerrieri, 2010). Clearly, networking opportunities offered by many professional nursing organizations are invaluable and can help in many areas such as education, career development, and even give a sense of belonging and encouragement through interactions with other nurses (Guerrieri, 2010). In addition to having a networking value, professional nursing organizations represent a public image of the nursing profession and its specialties. As such, the organization gains public’s trust in the profession and â€Å"the organization builds on this trust as it promotes awareness of public policy and advocates for patient welfare† (Guerrieri, 2010, p. 47). This also gives members opportunities to become more informed about health care policies and contribute to patient advocacy. By advocating for the nursing profession, professional organizations, along with their members, â€Å"educate the public, policy makers, healthcare administrators, and professionals on specific issues (Matthews, 2012, â€Å"Unity in advocacy†). Moreover, organizations lobby on behalf of all nurses at all levels of government on issues that directly affect its members, such as education and practice. Nursing organizations also use networking to get more people who support their views, thereby increasing the chances of success in the legislative process. Organizations also play an integral part in shaping health policy. By being members of professional nursing associations, nurses at every level have opportunities to get involved in the processes that shape nursing practice. As stated in the article written by Matthews (2012), professional organizations were â€Å"created by nurses for nurses to articulate nursing values, integrity, practice, and social policy† (Matthews, 2012, â€Å"The profession’s advocacy efforts†). References American Nurses Association. (2011). ANA’s principles for social networking and the nurse: Guidance for registered nurses . Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org Guerrieri, R. (2010, May). Professional growth: Learn, grow, and bloom by joining a professional association. Nursing2010, 40(5), 47-48. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2010/05000/Learn,_grow,_and_bloom_by_joining_a_professional.14.aspx Matthews, J. H. (2012, January). Role of professional organizations in advocating for the nursing profession. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 17(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No01Man03

Educating The Girl Child Is The Best Way To Enpower The Nation Essay

It is crystal clear that empowering girl child is the need of hour or present day scenario.Education of girl child has been a high priority with the govt.of India.According to the RIGHT TO EDUCATION act,every child of the age of 6-14 years shall have a right to free and compulsory education in a neighbourhood school till competition of elementary education.For the success of Sarva Shiksha Abhayan or the education for all, the education of a girl child is the must. No doubt,girls deserve a better deal from society as the are getting, at present.It is said by society that girls are no way inferior to boys.But what are they getting from the society? A whole range of discriminatory practices including female foeticide,female infanticide,early marriage and dowry, which have buried the future of girl child.It seems very difficult to empower the girl child.Our society is still suffering many weaknesses.Intend of giving them education,they are being subjected to sufferings under likes of Purdah System.Twelve million girls are born every year but, unfortunately one third them survive.Some are killed in the womb,some at the time of birth,some die due to poor health and some die due to nutritional status.We have to remember this reality that educated girl can shoulder any kind responsibility.See the example ofKalpana Chawala,Kiran Bedi,Sonia Gandhi and so on every one has earned a name in the society.For the success of any person,,,,education plays an important role. Education for the girls is more important as she not only builds the home, but all routine responsibilities are completed by her.Today ‘s girl child will be the mother of tomorrow.In ancient time, girl ‘s education played significant place in the society.Gargi Mitreyi played very encouraging role in spreading the education to a great extent.That is why, empowering the girl child is the best way to empower the nation.

A Waltz With Death On Crystal Stairs Essay

‘My Papa’s Waltz,’ 1948 In this poem by Theodor Roethke, the speaker is describing his childhood in the arms of his drunken father. He recalls how his father comes home intoxicated with alcohol and drives both him and his mother crazy. Theodor Roethke was a great poet and the moods of his poetry range from acid wit to simple feeling. Some of his other poems are Open House (1941), The Lost Son and Other Poems (1948), The Waking (1953, Pulitzer Prize), Words for the Wind (1957), I Am! Says the Lamb (1961), and The Far Field (1964). ‘Because I could not stop for Death,’ 1863 In this poem by Emily Dickinson, the poet seems to position herself in eternity as she recalls her life. Death is portrayed as a gentleman and Immortality is with them as they ride in a carriage that passes sceneries that depict the three major stages of human life: birth, adolescence and old age. Emily Dickinson is considered one of the most original 19th Century American poets. She is noted for her unconventional broken rhyming meter and use of dashes and random capitalization as well as her creative use of metaphor and overall innovative style. Some of her poems are Fame is a fickle food, I cannot live with you, I felt a Funeral, in my Brain and I’m Nobody! Who are you? ‘Mother to Son,’ 1932 In this poem by Langston Hughes, a mother is advising his son not to give up on life by recalling her own misgivings in the past. The mother decides to compare her life to stairs and describes how hard it was to climb it. Langston Hughes was a prolific writer. In the forty years when he first wrote a book until his death in 1967, he wrote sixteen books of poems, two novels, three collections of short stories, four volumes of â€Å"editorial† and â€Å"documentary† fiction, twenty plays, children’s poetry, musicals and operas, three autobiographies, a dozen radio and television scripts and dozens of magazine articles and edited seven anthologies. Some of his other distinguished poems are The Weary Blues (1926), The Negro Mother and other Dramatic Recitations (1931) and The Dream Keeper (1932). The profound metaphors in Theodor Roethke’s â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz,† Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop For Death† and Langston Hughes â€Å"Mother to Son† make readers reflect on the lives of their poets and contemplate on their own existence. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† is a joy to analyze because the metaphor or the â€Å"waltz† has brought about very contrasting reflections on the poem. With lines such as â€Å"But I hung on like death; such waltzing was not easy† (Kennedy and Gioia 674) many critics have come to understand the poem in the light of a father and son playing roughly and enjoying their quality moment. However, many scholars also think that Roethke is actually using the metaphor of a waltz to describe child abuse. The word â€Å"romped† seems to show enjoyment. However, pans sliding from the kitchen shelves and the boy’s ear scraping on his father’s belt buckle with every missed step contradict the poet’s first description of the dance. According to John J. McKenna in his article, Roethke’s Revisions and The Tone Of My Papa’s Waltz, the holograph manuscripts of â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† confirm that Roethke himself tried to balance the negative and positive tones of the poem, resulting in its rich ambiguity. Emily Dickinson is famous for her great use of metaphors. The first line of the poem â€Å"Because i could not stop for death, he kindly stopped for me†( Kennedy and Gioia 1019) seems to be about a girl who has contemplated committing suicide in the past. In the end of the poem she seems to be happy that she did not push through with it because she was after all, ready to pursue living. However, the metaphors used to portray death and immortality as persons can be confusing and easily understood in a different light. William Galperin reflects on these metaphors from the point of view of a feminist. In his critique compiled by Donna Campbell of Washington State University, he believes that â€Å"death† embodies society’s perception that a woman has to get married and live a domesticated life while the poem similarly redefined immortality as a woman’s self-possession, or the result of a refusal to allow society the prerogative of selecting her. There are also some scholars who believe that Dickinson is actually hinting on seduction in this poem. It is very easy to get lost in Dickinson’s metaphors and even scholars themselves have different points of reflections on it. However, these metaphors are what make her poem truly distinct and interesting. In the poem, Mother To Son, Langston Hughes seems to be referring to a stereo-typical mother advising his son on how to deal with life. It is easy to think that the poem just wants to convey a more mature person trying to coach someone to move on. â€Å"Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair† (Kennedy and Gioia 1031) clearly uses the metaphor of the stairway to make readers understand that life is not easy. Words like â€Å"splinters† â€Å"boards torn up† and â€Å"bare† can be interpreted as hardships in life. The poet’s use of the â€Å"crystal† stairs also seems to describe an easy and comfortable life or heaven to some. However, in the light of the times when the poem was written, scholars believe that the message is related to racial discrimination. Aidan Wasley, in the book, Poetry for Students, believes that it becomes easy to see Hughes’s mother figure as something like a racial matriarch addressing her scattered children and exhorting them to â€Å"keep on climbing† on their way to freedom. The lives and beliefs of the authors of the three poems are deeply embedded in the metaphors they used. It is their masterful way of weaving these mere words intricately that convey such powerful messages and remarkable stories that one can only appreciate by reflecting on one’s own decisions and principles. These poetic devices are very effective in making one contemplate and were successful and shall keep the poems truly alive long after their poets have gone. Works Cited Keneddy, X. J. , and Dana Gioia. Literature: an introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. New York, New York: Pearson and Longman, 2007. McKenna, John J. â€Å"Roethke’s Revisions And The Tone Of My Papa’s Waltz,† 1998. University of Nebraska at Omaha. 15 April 2007 < http://www. mrbauld. com/exrthkwtz. html>. Wasley, Aidan. â€Å"An Overview of Mother To Son† Poetry For Students. Gale, 1998. Wsu. edu. Campbell, Donna. Washington State University. 15 April 2007 .

Strategic Planning Illy Espressamente

On the other hand, coffee culture in Vietnam is established and strong since colonial time. Globalization and economic growth bring about two main growing segments that Supersaturates should target: Globalizes (well- educated, CARS-focus, globally influenced) and Brand Chasers (novelty, status-seeking). There are several deferent options for expansion but after careful consideration and analysis we come to the conclusion that Supersaturates should reintroduce Itself In Vietnam. In order to capture these segments, we propose offering inspirational value and theatrical performance as new elements of a Blue Ocean.Additionally, we also come up with strategies for two other potential markets, Germany and India. The strategy is to make Supersaturates Vietnam a wholly-owned subsidiary and establish 11 outlets in Ho Chi Mini, Vietnam in the next 6 years, offering superior Italian coffee service by providing high quality and ethically grown coffee with artistic Italian ambiance to two targete d segments – Globalizes (experts and Vietnamese who care about the environment and arts) and Brands Chasers (people who value superior brands), through 5 Italian city-theme designed outlets (Aroma, Venetian, Annapolis,Florence and Milan) with exhibition of local artworks, high-end cafe © bars located in shopping malls and art galleries, associated with visible theatrical performance by the baristas and stopping collaborating with Lien Dhal Blah Dong. The implementation plan In the next 6 years for this strategy (research, operation plan and taking care of relevant necessary documents) suggests penetration of the market in 201 5 by entering the market as a wholly-owned subsidiary.In 6 years, the total expense cost is estimated to be USED 1235,000 for preparation, opening new outlets, communication plan and operation plan. This implementation plan will ensure the success of the proposed strategy. Table of Contents 1. 0 Introduction Lily Supersaturates is a franchise chain by Lily, stretching over 34 countries and purely of coffee-based drinks made from the finest Arabica beans processed with Lily machineries and technique. It has been a stunning success in its home market, Italy and others such as France and Germany, generating millions of revenues.Lily aims to maintain its leadership in the market for authentic Italian cafe ©s by building relationships with suppliers, increasing the number of outlets and differentiating itself from its competitors in term of quality and coffee-drinking experience. However, the launch in Vietnam has been a fiasco as 3 out of the 5 stores in the country have been closed after 4 years of operation. They now face the decision whether to pull out of the country and move to one of the countries in the case or reintroduce itself in the Vietnamese coffee market with a different strategic approach. . 0 Goals and Objectives Business Goals Expand the brand name to global market as the authentic Italian superior coffee service a nd premium service for transit customers. Business Objectives Achieving $1 50,000 revenue per outlet. In the existing markets, increase the total number of outlets by 5% as well as reinforce the operation of the opened one to achieve 20% increase in profitability in the next 5 years. To stand out from competitors by Italian coffee service experience (e. G.Italian-themed superior outlets, Italian coffee styles, bringing artistic value to the service experience). Marketing Goals To be sustainable in the current market and become top-of-mind brand when consumers search for superior Italian transit coffee. Marketing Objectives Increase the availability of Lily Supersaturates by opening at least 8 stores in each country. Offering superior and artistic Italian service environment to attract 40% more customers, generating 20% more profit in the next 5 years. 3. Problem Identification From the ACS analysis, Lily Supersaturates is currently facing 2 main problems: lack of customer-oriented o ffer and lack of exposure in the Vietnamese coffee market. Firstly, the product and service offer is inappropriate as it is perceived to be overpriced and too conservative in making Italian authentic coffee by the Vietnamese customers – ho prefers their traditional black and milky coffee made from Robusta beans. Secondly, Lily Separateness's image could not be seen anywhere except from their outlets.Both of these problems demonstrate the lack of customer insight and marketing campaign coming from Supersaturates collaborator – Lien Thai Bin Dong Pity. Ltd. This master franchisee has shown inefficiency in investigating the customer's wants and needs and what Supersaturates offers. Besides, the company is incapable in managing coffee chained shops as well as running effective marketing campaigns (Appendix E for more details). . 0 Situation Analysis existing chained coffee brands but also new entrants, mainly due to low market barriers and high concentration.Moreover, the Vietnamese customers are not familiar with the taste of Arabica coffee beans. High threats of substitutes (fruit Juice/ smoothie bars) and low coffee consumption per capita combined with high price have a negative impact on Lily Supersaturates. However, acting in the company's favor is its Italian brand name that is well perceived by the Vietnamese consumers. Apart from this, there are segments that pursue higher social statues via branded reduces.In addition, the impacts of globalization as well as the development of sophisticated taste in coffee bring significant opportunities for Lily Supersaturates to penetrate the market. With these come increased concerns for ethics and sustainability coming from the growing segment of globally influenced people. Lily Supersaturates weaknesses lie in understanding customer insight leading to key problems and the lack of integrated marketing communication strategies to promote the brand in such high concentrated market like Vietnam.However, hav ing one the est. quality coffee in the world, enabled by strong relationships established by conducting ethical works with suppliers, the brand still has the capabilities to overcome those difficulties and expand their market share. (Refer to Appendix for details) Direct competitors Highland Trunk Nagy ©n Cataracts Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Gloria Jean's Angel-in-us Indirect competitors Medium-large Independents Street vendors Strengths (S) High quality coffee beans Strong control over the production chain Expertise in processing Italian coffee Strong relationship with suppliers Foreign brand name – preferred by VietnameseLily has conducted Corporate Social Responsibility via its supply chain by remunerating the farmers higher compensation for higher quality Weaknesses (W) Lack of expertise in processing Vietnamese coffee as in growing, harvesting, roasting and filtering Unnecessary cost due to inefficient logistics Small outlet capacity Lack of market exposure Lack of sales p romotion Large debt Transit model does not fit with Vietnamese culture Opportunities (O) Admiration for Italian brands Growing segment of status-conscious people, who like to be seen in a branded environment.Growing segment of ethics-conscious people who are educated abroad Vietnamese has adopted to a coffee-drinking culture ever since Customers have been developing a sophisticated taste in coffee Vietnam is the 2nd largest coffee producer and Arabica production is growing (5% to 8%) SO Strategies Maintain high quality coffee served to match with the increasing sophisticated taste of Vietnamese people.Penetrate the market by being the leader in high quality product Utilize the strength of foreign brand name in communication Target the growing segment of ethics-conscious and internationally educated people by stating the company's CARS (care for farmers) WOO Strategies Sourcing part of the production chain to Vietnam To penetrate on growing segments to increase in sale to make up in debts by having high-end outlets.Threats (T) Fierce competition between chained coffee shops High threat of new entrants High threat of substitutes Low supply of Arabica in Vietnam Low consumption of coffee, compared to global scale Novelty seeking Vietnamese people are not familiar with Arabica coffee beans SST Strategies Penetrate the market by focusing on premium quality, rather than competing on price Focus on relationships with Vietnamese Arabica growers to consolidate local apply WET Strategies Avoid in going into a price-war with other competitors to increase sales by keeping premium price for premium quality Avoid introducing Robusta coffee beans but bring new taste in the market Differ to other competitors in term of having small capacity yet high-end outlets 5. Strategic Solutions and Situation Scenarios Strategy 1: To achieve $500,000 revenue per store by 2018 by offering a holistic package of high-quality and ethically-grown Italian coffee as well as an aesthetically and intellectually stimulating coffee experience to a segment of well-educated and episcopate Germans in transit, who are concerned for CARS and appreciative of modern arts, through outlets adorned with arts, glassware and merchandises showing Separateness's efforts in improving the environment and the growers' living condition.Description: Cups and dishes will have artworks from modern artists and a piece of information on how sustainable the product is made or how Lily contributes to help the farmers in its supply chain printed on them. However, everything will be kept minimal and sleek, adhering to the current theme. They might be modified in the preparation period as ell as in the middle and end of the 5-year plan to be updated. Merchandise sales, either on separate notice or on the design, will state clearly that part of the profit will go to people in need, R helping lessen the product's carbon footprint and impact on the environment. Potentials Higher sales, not only from food a nd drinks but also from merchandises Reinforce the image of Supersaturates in customer's mind Higher profit margin since Germany is close to Italy (approve. 500 kilometers between Rome and Berlin) The extreme costs of acquiring artworks and fancy decoration The messages come out as pretentious Situation Scenarios: Strategy 2: To establish 5 outlets in India in the next 5 years, offering a high quality Italian coffee and prestigious experience to a segment who seeks for a higher social status and novelty of the population, through luxury-designed outlets on Rajah Street, New Delhi, India. Description: Prestigious experience: Customers visiting Lily Supersaturates will experience the luxury service environment designed base on Italian interior style as well as well- trained waiters serving at the table.The superior coffee service given can place significant impression on the customers and spread the brand value proposition as he authentic Italian cafe ©. Higher social status and nov elty seeking segment: Since India has very high power distance (Hefted 2013), it is indicated that people want to confirm their status and be recognized using premium product/ service brand. Figure Hefted value of India (Hefted 2013) Rajah Street, New Delhi, India: this street is considered to be â€Å"The Royal Street† of India in which many luxurious retailers and hospitality ventures located. By setting Lily Supersaturates outlet in this area, the level of exposure to target customers is higher.Potentials Risks Huge market of growing middle class First mover advantage as the market has low level of competition Lack of acceptance from a tea-drinking population Banking system and bureaucracy may hinder business Strategy 3: To become wholly-owned subsidiary and establish 11 outlets in Ho Chi Mini, Vietnam in the next 5 years, offering superior Italian coffee service by providing segments – Globalizes (expatriates) and Brands Chasers (people who value superior the baris tas and stopping collaborating with Lien Thai Bin Dong. Description: Stop collaborating: Lien Thai Bin Dong does not do well in term of marketing for its partners (Appendix E).Hence, Lily should end the collaboration and take full control over the new outlets operation and communication. Vietnam government will allow foreign wholly owned subsidiary from January 201 5 (distinguishing 2013); hence, Lily Supersaturates has one year for taking care of legal documents and business preparation. Globalizes: we chose this segment because they are well educated as well as leaning toward healthier, more ethical and artistic lifestyle. Hence, they will appreciate the value propositions of Lily Supersaturates, which is high quality and ethically grown coffee alongside with the artistic ambiance. Moreover, this segment also wants self-identity; hence, fitting with Lily Supersaturates offers.Brand chasers: this segment prefers to be seen using superior brand name product/service. Therefore, it is sufficient for Lily Supersaturates target this segment. By establishing 5 Italian city-themed outlets, 1 high-end bar in shopping mall and 5 high-end bars in the art galleries with mentioned tactics, Lily Supersaturates can get closer to the targeted customers and transfer the image of superior Italian experience to them. Potentials Lily Supersaturates can be more active in marketing campaign and have more control ever the business by stop collaborating with Lien Thai Bin Dong Co. The preparation time increases Lily Separateness's likelihood to success.More in-depth research for the market can be made in this period. The artistic and ethical value will attract globalizes and superior value will attract the Brand Chasers. By providing the Italian city themed outlets, Lily Supersaturates can emphasize on the Italian experience provided to its customers. The high-end bars located in galleries require less financial investment. However, the customers the galleries bring to Lily Supersa turates. Lily Supersaturates will have more work to do in terms of market researching to understand the local consumption behavior and handling with Vietnam regulations. The 5 Italian city themed outlets required heavy financial investment. 6. Recommended Strategy and Justification In terms of per capita coffee consumption, Germany ranks the highest across the three countries. Although Vietnamese taste differs from Indian taste of coffee, across all walks of life. India on the other hand, is a low-competition, untapped market. On the contrary, Germany is a saturated market with various different established competitors. The ease of doing business in Germany is the lowest, while Vietnam comes second and India is the hardest with high barriers of bureaucracy. Three strategies above aim to penetrate different markets. Although each market has their potential, the first two markets can cause some problem for Supersaturates.The first one to be eliminated is India market. Although there a re less coffee industry concentration and the match of taste between Indian people and Lily Supersaturates product, India has a tea-drinking culture with the slow switching toward coffee. Moreover, since Supersaturates currently does not possess any outlets in this neutron, it is very hard for the firm to establish their business due to the nation baking system and bureaucracy. In fact, India ranked 17th out of 189 countries in term of starting business (The World Bank 2013). Therefore, Supersaturates should not open its store in India. Secondly, Lily may also face difficulties penetrating Germany market.Despite the substantial coffee drinking market, Germany's coffee industry has very high level of concentration and saturation, which leads to fierce competition. Hence, it is tremendously hard for Supersaturates to stand out from the clutter to be successful. The recommended strategy is strategy 3, penetrating Vietnamese globalizes and brand chasers by offering premium and ethical-g rown coffee as well as authentic Italian service with artistic and novelty value. Although there are high threats of substitution and fierce competition, about 64% Vietnamese people have positive sentiments toward Italian brand and about 58% people link Italian brand with luxury (Miami and Memorial 2012).Hence, the value proposition of Supersaturates to Vietnamese market is appropriate and has a high chance of success in this market. Eliminate Price Reduce Raise Ambiance Availability Augmented products Social status Promotion Create Inspirational Value (Arts) Theatrical Performance (Baristas' coffee-making process) ambiance. By conducting a blue-ocean strategy, which includes avoiding price competition and adding an element of inspiration, Lily Supersaturates separates itself from the current competition and carves a new niche for premium coffee. (Refer to Appendix H for details) 6. 0 Bibliography Alone I and Leasers M 2012, The Espresso Lane to Global Markets, Richard Vive School o f Business, Ontario, Canada.

Was Christopher Colombus a Hero or Villian

October 15, 2012 Was Christopher Columbus a Hero or a Villain to America? Yes,  Columbus  discovered  America, but do you know how many deaths and how much destruction it  cost? Columbus  went to explore the ocean and he found a new continent,  North  America. He was actually looking for India and its gold but found a different place. Exploration of  North  America  brought so many bad things to people. All of those things happened because of  Columbus. It makes one want to say that Columbus  is a villain. First thing that makes  Columbus  a â€Å"bad guy† is lying. Columbus  lied to the queen about the explored island.He said that there's a lot of gold and spices, and people there would share anything with anyone. Columbus also lied that he reached Asia, which was his destination spot. He said all those things to make the queen believe that he's a good man and to save himself from the death. Five hundred years before Columbus was even born, the V ikings settled land in northern North America. They were the true discoverers of the New World. Christopher Columbus merely takes credit while the Vikings are remembered as drunken savages. Not only did he not discover the New World, but his calculations were based on other's works.What kind of â€Å"hero† can't find his way to where he wants to go and then receives the credit for a complete and utter accident! This doesn't only make him a liar but it also makes him selfish. But yet we Americans still nationally celebrate his â€Å"accomplishments† that were all just faux. Another interesting fact about  Columbus  being a villain is that he deculturalized people. When he arrived, he started to control all of the land. He wanted to shape the Americas into a European society, and he did not want to consider the current ways of the Native American practices into his new society.In fact, he would kill-or have his men-kill the Natives if he felt that they were being too unruly. For example how Columbus was on a mission to convert everyone to Christianity, instead of just letting the natives keep their normal religious practices. If you ask me he sounds more like a Hitler than a hero. Columbus  met Sarawak  Indians  in  North America; he wanted to make them just like Europeans. He was trying to make them all Christian. He was also giving  women  less power and fewer rights, and  women  had to work at fields and men had to work on deadly mines.A lot of people were protesting but if they protested, they were getting killed. That's another thing that makes  Columbus  a villain. Every native older than 14 was given an amount of gold to find per day. Those who didn't reach their amount got their hands chopped off. That is nothing compared to what he did to runaways whom were executed. These Europeans also brought disease that the natives' immune systems couldn't handle. Besides genocide, he also kidnapped 500 natives and brought the half that survived back to Europe. They also raped the Native Americans, beat, abused them and even tested out new weapons on them.The last but the worst thing that  Columbus  did to gain a â€Å"bad character† name is his partial massacre. When  Columbus  went to  America the  second time, he brought a lot of Native  Americans back with him to make them slaves to work for his queen. A lot of people died  on the way to Columbus's country, and others were dying because they worked hard as slaves in mines and fields, which was hard and dangerous. And that's the third reason to call Columbus a â€Å"bad guy† of history. Columbus  wasn't that much of a hero, as many people would say.I mean yes, he did play a very important parts in history. For example he brought exchanged different plants and animals between Europe and America. He also brought more attention to a new continent, and partially helped the Native Americans (before he killed a lot of them). B ut he also did the devious things like killing the Native Americans, spreading diseases to them, enslaving them and torturing and abusing them, it's easy to see why you could call Christopher Columbus a villain and defiantly not a hero after  hearing  all the details of his adventure.All the destruction and  pain  that he brought to people makes him a villain. Also the conflicts he caused between different countries and regions . Don't you think? Reference page http://www. scholastic. com/teachers/article/christopher-columbus-1451-1506 http://voices. yahoo. com/christopher-columbus-hero-villain-330564. html Holt McDougal United States History, Beginnings to 1877  ©2013, Florida Edition chapters 1-2

Work Place Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Work Place Safety - Essay Example Therefore, human resource personnel together with the management ought to formulate and implement action plans to help address these issues. This paper explicates workplace safety issues in healthcare, and specific HR role in assuring safety. This paper further focuses on safety issues unique to healthcare, how HR enters into safety issues with their clinicians, and case studies of hospitals that have successful safety projects. Improving workplace safety in health care organizations has been a global challenge affecting both industrialized and third world countries. Each and every aspect of health could potentially put the safety of health providers and their clients at risk. For instance, the fact that health care providers deal with patients who sometimes present themselves with communicable disease means that they have a higher risk of acquiring the infections. According to the United States Department of Labor (2010), 653,000 incidents relating to harm or occupational diseases were account in 2010. These incidents in healthcare were higher when compared to other areas of the economy. In an effort to reduce these incidents, HR ought to work hand in hand with clinicians. Before explicating HR issues relating to workplace safety, it is important to define safety and workplace safety in the context of healthcare. A definition of safety cited by Hughes and Ferrett (2010, p. 2) denote safety as "The protection of people from physical injury". The meaning of workplace safety is explicated by Hughes and Ferrett (2010) through a definition of work-related ill health. In elucidating the definition in laymans terms, work-related ill health can be referred to as diseases resulting from or prompted by processes characteristic of healthcare organizations Jong et al (2014) posits that a healthcare provider can acquire special infections such as

Factors Impacting Ethical Behavior in a Chinese State owned Essay

Factors Impacting Ethical Behavior in a Chinese State owned steelCompany - Essay Example To a larger extent, it can be observed that the work environment significantly impacts on the ethical behaviour of the employees in the organization. China’s business ethics is based on Confucianism and this also shapes the work environment in different organizations (Fu & Deshpande, 232). The ethical climate that exists in the organization greatly shapes the ethical behaviour of the Chinese employees. This environment shapes the values, perceptions as well as the beliefs that shape the behaviour of people. Likewise, Chinese employees are likely to learn from others within the organization and they will behave in a way that reflects the organization’s values and norms. In a country with uncertainty avoidance like China, it has been observed that the climate in the Chinese steel organization is shaped by such rule and this ultimately shapes ethical behaviour of the employee (Fu & Deshpande, 235). Thus, the prescribed values that obtain in the work environment significant ly shape the ethical behaviour of the Chinese employees. The other significant factor that shapes ethical behaviour of the Chinese is related to employee evaluation of self and other co-workers. As noted by Fu & Deshpande (235), employees in the steel industry share collectivist behaviour and this also shapes their ethical behaviour. The employees are greatly influenced by the behaviour of their co-workers since they would not want to be found on the wrong side of the law. In most cases, if the employees see other people in the organization behaving wrongly then they are not punished, they are likely to follow suit. Likewise, if the co-workers see others being rewarded for good behaviour, they will also behave in a positive way. Therefore, to a larger extent, it can be noted that the way employees evaluate themselves and their co-workers significantly impacts on their ethical behaviour in the

Kenya Airways Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kenya Airways - Assignment Example The airline was initially owned by the Government of Kenya until the year 1995, and it was privatized in 1996 and since then it has become the first African flag carrier in successfully doing so. Today Kenya Airways is a public-private partnership. In this regard, the shareholding of this partnership is as follows Government of Kenya (29.8%), followed by KLM, which has a 26.73% stake in the company. The rest is held by private owners. (Kenya airways.ac.ke) Â  Being first flag carrier in Kenya its stocks are traded in different exchange markets this includes Nairobi Stock exchange, the Dar-es-salaam Stock Exchange, and the Uganda Stock exchange. Kenya Airways has become widely considered as one of the leading Sub-Saharan operators and became a full member of sky team in June 2010 and a member of African Airlines Association since 1977 and it has had quite a tremendous growth with 4,834 employees as per June 2012. Â  The airline has been using web sale service and this has shown some tremendous growth of USD 28.6 million in ticket sales compared to USD 24.2 million in the previous year showing a growth rate of 17.9%, with total revenue of USD 95.2 billion which is an increase of 26.3% above prior year. Â  The management of Kenya Airways has given a report that the profitability of the company has been affected by some factors this includes high fuel prices, the euro crisis and a generally weak economy in the West. Despite this, the management has announced a high turnover of USD 107.9 billion which represent a 26% increase on prior year turnover of USD 85.8 billion, profit after tax realized was USD 1.66 billion compared to the prior year of USD 3.5 billion. Â  

Frock Coats of Victoria And Albert Museum Essay

Frock Coats of Victoria And Albert Museum - Essay Example Amongst the dresses we will focus on not only the dresses of ladies but also on the dresses of men and children. Other then the dresses, what other accessories were required to be considered as a stylish person at that time, would also be discuussed. Different colours that were considered suitable for men and women of the Edwardarian era would also be discussed. How different fashions evolved over time would also be the focus of the topic. We will discuss about the dresses for different times of the day e.g dresses for morning, night dresses. Amongst the costumes collectd in the Victoria and Albert museum, frock coats will be considered for discussion. All other collectins will not be explained in detail. There is a large amount of history associated with arts and cultures of the A&V museum however only the historical background of frock coats will be given. The fashion of frock coats was firstly used in the 1901. what fashions and styles were acceptable in 1900's and before 1900's w ill also be discussed. Frock coats emerged in 1816. It is said that they originated from a garment called the "frock" which was the usual clothing in the eighteenth century. The colour of a frock coat was originally solid black. Nevertheless it was not a standard therefore in the Victorian era, charcoal grey also became a popular colour for frock coats. The length of the skirt of the frock coat also changed for different era's e.g during the Victorian era and Edwardian era1. This change was in accordance with the fashion. The conventional length of the frock coats became the length up to the knees but as the fashion trends changed, different people followed the latest trends of longer or shorter frock coats to wear. The cut of a frock coat with a waist seam flatters a man's figure, as opposed to a sack coats, and such frock coats remain part of some uniforms of military. They can either be single-breasted as in army uniforms, or double-breasted as in navy uniforms. In the Lithuanianyeshiva world, many pro minent figures wear a black frock coat also known as a kapotteh (accompanied by either a Homburg or Fedora hat) as formal wear.Before the Edwardian era, the fabric for Empire dresses was usually fine white lawn, muslin or batiste. Although muslins were less costly than silks, good white work embroidered lawn fabrics still cost money. Muslin also laundered better than silks, but the white muslins still needed a great deal of attention to keep them looking pristine clean. Regular wearing of white gowns was a sign of social status as white soiled so easily1. White gowns generally were kept for evening and in the day pastel or colored robes were thought more suitable. 1 Victorian Trading Co. Fashion. 2007. Net2 Business. May 2, 2008 The Spencer was a short top coat without tails worn by men during the 1790s as an extra covering over the tailed coat. It had long sleeves and was frequently decorated with military frogging.Its originator is thought to be Earl Spencer who singed the tails of his coat when standing beside a fire. He then had the tails trimmed off and started a fashion.A female version was soon adopted by gentlewomen who at the time were wearing the thin light muslin dresses of the 1790s2. The Spencer was worn as a cardigan is worn today. It was a short form of jacket to just above waist level cut on identical lines to the dress.

Chimestry Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chimestry - Lab Report Example This is an indication of corrosion in the given metal. This experiment’s main purpose is the determination of the properties of metals and to find out the corrosive effect on metals. The properties of the metals, iron, brass and copper, were compared. This involved comparing the conductivity of both iron and copper, Hardiness, and brittleness. The observations were made and recorded. In testing for conductivity, the metals were heated and time taken to heat up observed. In comparing for brittleness, the wires of the respective metals wire bent and the number of times the wire was bent before breaking observed. Comparison of the hardiness between copper and iron resulted in iron being harder than copper. On comparing the hardiness between copper and brass, it was found that brass is harder than copper. Also, it was found that alloys of these metals are harder as compared to the pure metals. Copper has a higher conductivity as compared to iron and brass. This is due to the fact that copper contains a large number of de – localized electrons. These electrons move freely and as a result facilitate the conductivity process. From the experiment, it’s clear that iron is harder than copper. This is due to the strong covalent bonds which exists between the iron molecules making it to be harder than copper. Comparing the two pure metals with its alloys resulted in the alloys being harder than the metals. On brittleness, iron was found to be more brittle than copper. It can be concluded that copper has high conductivity as compared to iron, copper is more corrosion resistance than iron and iron is more brittle than copper. The alloys of the metals have enhanced properties as compared to the pure metals. Finally, Copper was found to be corrosive resistant as compared to iron and

Prevention of the dangers facing hospitals Research Paper

Prevention of the dangers facing hospitals - Research Paper Example To date, health care is primary domestic priority among Americans, and their top financial concern deals with the skyrocketing costs of health care (Newport, Jones, Saad, Gallup & Israel, 2009). In fact, 16 per cent of the US gross national product goes to health care. It should not, therefore, come as a surprise that health care is â€Å"a principal issue in the national consciousness of Americans† (Griffin, 2011, p. 3). Ironically, however, Sultz and Young (2011) observed that while the American health care system prioritized health promotion and disease prevention, health care expenses tend to be concentrated on treating what are otherwise preventable diseases. Moreover, it was revealed not too long ago that hospitals are not really the safest place in America, and perhaps around the world, with 48,000 deaths each year reported due to hospital acquired infections (DeNoon, 2010). There is even a big possibility that incidences of hospital acquired infections are not reported as intimated by some medical experts (Doyle, 2011). Infections are just one of the many dangers which put both patients and medical practitioners at risk. Other possible sources of danger in hospitals are direct physical hazards and malfunction of medical electrical devices, exposure to medical radiation, health hazards of mobile phones, human errors, medication errors, unsanitary practices, etc. (Leitgeb, 2010; Peart 2010; Mennen, 2005; Raheja, 2011; Pozgar 2007). Cognizant of such dangers which directly and / or indirectly threaten the safety of patients confined in a hospital or those simply availing of out-patient services, an attempt will be made to propose interventions and courses of action to avoid these two sources dangers in the hospital. Interventions will be framed on the premise of avoiding those which can be prevented, and mitigating the effects of those which are not preventable. 2.0. Available technology 2.1. Air-borne infection Cursue, Popa, Sirbu, and Popa (2009) supports the benefits of engineering control measures for the reduction of the concentration of airborne infections. Prevention of the spread of such particles in a structure lessens contact with infectious pathogens, as well as the threat of illness from this kind of pathogens. However, engineering controls comprise only one-third of the necessary control elements towards the mitigation risks from airborne infections in health care settings. As explained in Atkinson, Chartier, Pessoa-Silva, Jensen, Li, and Seto (2009), transmission of airborne infections happens by the spreading of droplet nuclei over a long distance from an infected patient. A number of necessary factors are met for the dissemination of droplet nuclei. These are: (1) presence of viable pathogen inside the droplet at the source of the infection; (2) survival of the pathogen inside the droplet after expulsion from its source, and preservation of its ability to cause infection even after being exposed to evaporation, light, temperature, relative humidity, and / or other physical challenges; (3) reaching a specific infective dose sufficient to infect a susceptible host, and (4) exposure or contact of the droplet to a susceptible host. The Word Health Organization (2007, as cited in Atkinson, et al, 2009) maintained that preventing the spread of airborne infections involves the implementation of the so-called airborne precautions. This is realized with the setting of the following forms

Strategies for Building Business Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategies for Building Business Success - Essay Example This report stresses that this restaurant has grown in reputation over the years, and has gained popularity as a destination restaurant that can cater to business professionals and the local residents. The menu is though formal for this market segment, but the bar draws great rush. During this study it was evident that some customers came solely to sit at the bar, without any intent of dining in the restaurant. This paper makes a conclusion that the restaurant market is growing in Atlanta. It is therefore an obvious step on part of Zaika to expand the operations to target a bigger market segment and thereby increase the revenue. The top ten Atlanta restaurants have common two things: plush, trendy interiors and reasonably priced menus. Only one of them offered traditional food. And half of them were located in Midtown. Though the competitors are moving in the right direction, but Zaika is expanding on the basis of sound market research in the local market. Atlanta consumers are seeking diversity and new occurrence. Location is undoubtedly important, but so is environment and uniqueness. The marketing challenge is thus to stand out from major competitors, not only as an ethnic restaurant, but as one that offers consistently high quality food, menu variety, and a unique atmosphere. Maintaining the edge will depend partly on marketing not to forget a ‘delighting experience’ for th e customer at the restaurant.

Ethics of Autonomous Drones in the Military Essay Example for Free

Ethics of Autonomous Drones in the Military Essay She states that even the best and most trained soldiers that are in the midst of battle may not always be able to act accordingly with the battlefield rules of engagement that were stated by the Geneva Convention because of possible lashing out from normal human emotions such as anger, fear, resent, and vengefulness. The second major point Dean wants to show, by the views and studies of others, in her article is that with this possible step in our evolution of military technology we do not want to let this idea fade away. Another major point is if we do develop this technology how would we do so, and if not, would we regret not advancing in this field further many years from now. With all of this information Dean uses to present her ideas there are still major flaws such as, the majority of these ideas and beliefs are theoretical, they still have not been fully tested, there is error in all technologies, and where else would the technological advancements lead artificial intelligence. The first argument providing support for Dean’s major point comes from the research hypothesis and thoughts of a computer scientist at Georgia Institute of Technology named Ronald Arkin. Arkin is currently under contract by the United States Army to design software programs for possible battlefield and current battlefield robots. The research hypothesis of Arkin is that he believes that intelligent autonomous robots can perform much more ethically in the heat of the battlefield than humans currently can. Yet this is just a hypothesis and while there is much research done towards this hypothesis there are still no absolutely positive research information that states an autonomous robot drone can in fact perform better than any soldier on the ground or up in a plane could do. In Arkins hypothesis, he stated that these robots could be designed with no sense of self-preservation. This means that without one of the strongest fears for humans, the fear of death, these robots would be able to understand, compute, and react to situations with out outside extraneous emotions. Although the men and women designing these robot programs may be able to eliminate this psychological problem of scenario fulfillment, which will cause soldiers to retain information that is playing out easier with a bias to pre-existing ideas, it is not always the case that this happens to soldiers. You have to realize that from the second a soldier begins his training he is trained and taught to eliminate the sense of self-preservation. There are isolated incidents with soldier error, but they are and will be corrected by superior officers or their fellow soldiers. Another factor that affects Cornelia Dean’s arguments is that there are errors in all things including technology. Throughout history there have been new uses of technology in warfare but with these come problems and error flaws that have cause and can cause more casualties than needed. With the use of an Automated drone the belief by Dean is that it will be able to decide whether or not to launch an attack on a high priority target whether or not if the target is in a public are and will decide if the civilian casualties would be worth it. But what happens if that drone is only identifying the target and the number of civilians surrounding it? It will not be able to factor in what type of people would be around him such as men, women, or children and any variance of them. The error in this situation would be the drone saying the target is high enough priority and a missile is launched and the civilians were women and children around while a school bus was driving by. The casualties would then instantly out weigh the priority to eliminate a specific target and a human pilot would much easier abort a mission than a predetermined response of an autonomous robot. Although Ronald Arkin believes there are situations that could arise when there may not be time for a robotic device to relay back what is happening to a human operator and wait for how to respond in the situation that could complete a mission, it may be that second of time delay between the robot and human operator that the ethical judgment is made. Also the realization that many robots in which are operated by humans are widely used to detect mines, dispose of or collects bombs, and clear out buildings to help ensure extra safety of our soldiers is a way that robots are already used today as battlefield assistants supports Dean. But all of these machines in the field have moments of failure or error. When the machines do fail it takes a soldier who has trained for that experience to fix and then use it again. If an autonomous drone fails while on a mission it is completely by its self and no human operator to fix it. Then can arise the problem of enemies realizing they were even being monitored and they could gain access to our military technology and can eventually use it against us. Another major point that Cornelia Dean discusses upon is with this possible step in our evolution of military technology we do not want to let this idea fade away. A large part of that is if we do develop this technology how would we do so, and if not, how much would we regret or how much would it affect us for not advancing in this field further many years from now. The argument that if other countries advance upon this faster and better than the United States military we could become less of a world power and be more at risk of attack and war with greater human fatalities is not necessarily true. This situation is important in the sense of keeping up with the other world powers but I believe that the risk for reward is not worth the amount of damage and civilian casualties that could happen from any number of robotic drones and their possible errors. There is a possibility as the technology develops and robots become more and more aware to the point were, Arkin believes that, they can make decisions at a higher level of technological development. Yet if these autonomous robots truly can think for themselves and make decisions brings a whole new possibility of problems of what if the robot can decide something differently than what the developers originally had programmed. Also comes the actual use problem of can the government ethically accept that in early stages of use, even after extraneous testing, there may be accidental casualties. If a robot has any error of making decisions because of how new and un-tested they are any of the possibly terrible results would not be the responsibility of the robot but of the country and government that designed it. The supporting evidence of this article strongly shows that Cornelia Dean will hope that use of these ethically superior autonomous robots will be apart of our military in the near future before the United States fall behind to other super powers in the world. Yet with all of this information Dean uses to present her ideas there are still major flaws such as, the majority of these ideas and beliefs are theoretical, they still have not been fully tested, and that there is error in all technologies. With these major points being enforced with plenty of evidence throughout the article, and with all of the possible negative sides and errors of this argument, it is safe to say that this will be and is a controversial topic of discussion by many governments and all parties involved with this technological advancement.