Analysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest - 2935 Words

Kesey highlights two distinctions between the roles of women in his novel ‘One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest’. He places women in two categories, the ‘Ballcutters’ and ‘Whores’ . The ‘Ballcutters’ are presented to have a dominant role over the men within the ‘Combine’ and challenges their masculinity, resulting in them being personified as machines. This is demonstrated when Bromden describes the ‘tip of each finger the same colour as her lips. Funny orange. Like the tip of a soldering iron’ of Nurse Ratched. Bromden compares the complexion of her fingers and lips with a metal iron, suggesting not only is she machine like, but also has the physical appearance of a metal machine. The ‘Whores’ are Candy and Sandy who are submissive and this stems from the introduction of the contraceptive pill, as ‘feminists encouraged sexual exploitation with multiple partners and claimed sexual plea sure as a woman’s right’, Thus, resulting into them being presented as sexual beings fulfilling the sexual appetite of men. Similarly, Plath’s poem ‘Edge’ illustrates how patriarchy seizes the identity of woman, leaving them to be nothing but sexual entities. ‘The woman has been perfected’, society has shaped her into being socially and sexually pleasing. She has been moulded, making her ‘perfect’ to the naked eye, a ‘flower’, a ‘rose’, a ‘Greek necessity’ with no identity. In the second stanza the speaker states that the ‘body wears the smile of accomplishment’ she is now socially accepted.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1179 Words   |  5 PagesOne Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay: Power Dynamics In The Cuckoo’s Nest â€Å"She aint honest †¦ She likes a rigged game† (Forman One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest Film). Power can be used as a source of evil or heroism. It has the capacity to control and manipulate people. However, it also has the capability to champion freedom and rights for others. In the novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, Nurse Ratchet’s controlling power came from her ability to emasculate the male patients and maintain a sexlessRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1038 Words   |  5 PagesChief Bromden is the main character in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest. Chief Bromden, also know as â€Å"Chief Broom† is mentally ill in a mental ward. Chief suffers from Schizophrenia, lack of identity, and oppression. Chief Bromden changes throughout the novel by coming out of his fog, becoming aware of his surroundings, and even leaving the mental ward with the help of his friend Mcmurphy. Chief bromden has a large quantity of schizophrenic episodes throughout the book. He suffers fromRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1734 Words   |  7 PagesAbigail Dempsey HAP 315 October 29, 14 Shaw-Sutherland One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest In this book written by Ken Kesey, the main character is a man named R.P. McMurphy who tricks people into thinking that he is a psychopath. To McMurphy, the asylum is a get out of jail free card, which quickly turns out to be something else entirely. However, one vital aspect of this book is the way in which it addresses and provides insight upon several contemporary issues relating to the American healthcareRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest970 Words   |  4 Pages Major Assignment #2 Psychological Disorders The Movies Movie Title: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest PSY 2100 Introductory Psychology Student Name: Caijuan Xu Student No. 040785683 Algonquin College 2015.11.19 â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest† is a famous USA movie at November 19, 1975. This movie talks about when Randle Patrick McMurphy was transferred from prison farm to a mental institution, a group people who were diagnosed with mental illness lived here. McMurphy was dynamicRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1306 Words   |  6 PagesBenjamin Wiki - Conformity Intro â€Å"Conformity is behaviour in accordance with socially accepted conventions.† - One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest The novel is set in the 1960’s inside a mental institution told by a patient, Big Chief Bromden and can be seen as a miniature mirror of society. The wards society is presented as a machine, called the Combine, that makes everyone conform to its strict rules and timetables. All individuality is taken away from the patients, and the happy feelings areRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Subversion of Gender Roles in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest In today s society, as well as in the past, men are typically placed in a position of power over women. Although gender equality is increasing, a more patriarchal society is considered to be the norm. However, in certain situations the gender roles that are played by men and women are reversed, and women hold most, if not all of the power. Such as in Ken Kesey s novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest, in this instance the ward is aRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1750 Words   |  7 PagesCaulfield As one is experiencing a life of alienation and loneliness, they may being to act uncontrollable while rebelling against their surroundings, one loses themselves as they feel different than everyone present. Alienation can force an individual to spiral into an abyss of nothingness, nonetheless if one allows others to reach out and inspire than it is possible to break away from the alienation and loneliness. Chief Bromden from the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, written by KenRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 845 Words   |  4 PagesOne Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest is about a mental ward, its patients, and the head nurse, Nurse Ratched, a sadistic woman who overpowers her patients by making them feel small, incompetent, and incapable of belonging to society in a normal manner. Two of the patients, Billy Bibbit, a shy and fearful man with a bad stutter, and R. P. McMurphy, a very smart and outspoken man, each play a big part in the movie. T hey are both examples of wrongful treatment within the institution. In the end, Billy commitsRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 3755 Words   |  16 Pagestheir gender, suggesting the two are intrinsically linked. In ‘One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest’, the patients in the asylum are emasculated by the presence of a powerful woman who controls their fate. These men are not celebrated for their madness as they would have been during the renaissance (Foucault) but rather they are dominated by the â€Å"ball breaker’’ Nurse Ratched. Hence gender and identity in Kesey’s ‘One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest’ is the premise for conflict within the asylum and the eventualRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 2178 Words   |  9 PagesAlex Farkas Mr. Kendrick AP English Literature June 10, 2017 The Theme of Power in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s nest In Ken Kesey’s â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest†, he uses the concept of power as a theme that is laced throughout his novel in many different forms, most of which are abstract and some of which are tangible objeacts. Kesey uses the arrival of McMurphy as the catalyst for all the events that follow. McMurphy’s clash with Nurse Ratched is a classic example of a power struggle with a

Drug Abuse- a Menace to the Society Free Essays

Drug Abuse is a serious issue affecting all sections of the society, Irrespective whether they are Young/Old, Poor/Rich, and Educated/Illiterate. To really understand the gravity of the situation one needs to understand a few very important points;- what actually is Drug-Abuse? As I understand a very simple definition of Drug abuse is that it means use of drugs for the purpose for which it is not meant to be used (in other words use of drugs not for treating ailments but to satisfy vicarious pleasure ). The destructive thing about this is that when people experience the hallucination under the influence of these drugs, they would like to this again again causing a serious Drug Addiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Abuse- a Menace to the Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now let’s try to understand the various Drugs frequently abused. The Most Common that is used by more than 80% of the people is Marijuana also called Ganja or Grass or weed in colloquial language. The most dangerous aspect to be noted is that in spite of being labeled a Banned Drug, Marijuana is available very easily to all sundry. The reason for it to be a favorite among the Drug addicts is that it is not very expensive it gives an instant kick and can be had instantly without even letting a non smoker know about it. We see thousands of people smoking cigarettes everyday their may be many of them smoking Ganja still we won’t know about it. Even though this is not an appropriate time to say I cannot prevent myself from saying that the If the Law enforcing authorities are strict, this menace can be controlled to a very large extent. Why would people get addicted to this? Other than the reasons of being easily available etc, as mentioned above Chemically a substance called as THC ( Tetra Hydroxy Cannibinol) a ketone present in this Drug makes the body become dependent on it. The relaxation it brings to the smoker along with the euphoria it creates makes the smoker misconceive that this actually is not destructive some regulars believe that smoking grass helps in harnessing their creativity. Once again this is a misconception which needs urgent rattention. . Now let us see How it becomes a menace to the person abusing it so that we can understand how it affects the society. As the time goes by the addiction takes root, it causes various personality disorders, serious psychological behavioral problems loss of priority resulting in Poor judgments, Slowed reflexes, Distorted vision, Memory lapse, Anxiety, Confusion, Constant physical fights, tiredness, Black outs, Lowered inhibitions problems in remembering recently said or did. They even start believing that Drugs is necessary to have fun to even to exist. They constantly feel run-down or depressed leading to suicidal tendencies. They constantly complain of Dry mouth, Nausea, Head ache, decreased co-ordination, Increased Heart rates, Reduced Muscle strength, increased appetite craving. Drugs Alcohol together are contributing factors in at least half of all murders, Suicides, Car accidents in an inebriated condition. Drug dependency pushes people to loose their self esteem make them promiscuous. Approximately there are 1 lakh deaths occurring per year because of Drugs. The Illegal drug Mafia has a firm grip on the Market is a very big source of funding Terrorism. Of course Marijuana is not the only drug there are more serious Drugs like Cocaine, Heroin, LSD, and Phencyclidine which are more dangerous but luckily they are not very common as these are expensive, difficult to procure more harmful. These drugs are snorted, smoked or injected. When these drugs are taken thru injections, it increases the chances of transmitting AIDS HIV by sharing of needles. The Good News is that more than 98% of the teens have never tried these harder drugs like cocaine. Let me see if we can do anything about this, first of all on a personal level if we find our friends or other young people indulging in it, we have to report to the family immediately. On the family level care should be taken in handling these people we should give them all the love support to overcome the addictions with the help of De-addiction clinics. On a bigger scale the society of which we are a part of should take stringent steps to see there are no peddlers or users among them finally the state should introspect see why it cannot be rooted out if there is a will conviction among them. My friends, Recently we saw the Grammy award winner Amy whinehouse dying at the age of 27 because of Alcohol Drugs. It’s a pity that such a great talent has to loose out to Drugs. I can go on on about the menace the Drug Abuse causes to the Individual first then the society, but I feel the more we dwell upon it, the more we would be energizing it, so lets all say NO TO DRUGS Promise to ourselves to the society that we would weed out this menace in our generation completely. How to cite Drug Abuse- a Menace to the Society, Essay examples

Zappa and Sting Comparison and Contrast free essay sample

In Defense of Rock and Roll and Stings The Mystery and Religion of Music are honoring music and trying to honor Rock music unpartisan. I believe Rock music should be honored Just as much as any other types of music, which has woven it self to the fabric of what America Is today. In Stings essay, he tries to explain the root of his love for music, which he attributes to his mother playing the Plano when he was a child. Sting would watch and listen to her play for hours on end.Sting truly feels from that time In his life he was truly addicted to music, Music Is an addiction, a religion, and disease. (4/1) Stings overall point in writing this essay was to say that music Is our oldest right and In Frank Kappas In Defense of Rock and Roll, Frank defends Rock from an A. We will write a custom essay sample on Zappa and Sting: Comparison and Contrast or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dildo who Is essentially saying rock Is terrible to collocation. Frank says In general, anta;rock propositions began when rock n roll began, and most of It was racially Frank fights for and disagrees with Blooms claims and mounds a little disgusted by the writings of the man.Kappa defends childrens effect on the music scene and says that we are presented with only highly merchandised things and we should be taking music appreciation class in schools. In the end he attributes the fall of classical music to the rise in economics in the Reagan era. These two writings are different in that Stings writing is a personal life story of how he began and continued his love of music. It is unchallenged thought so he doesnt eave to justify it to anyone. Kappas writing is a challenged thought, which to he defends his theories and opinions on music. Kappa uses another mans writing argue with. They are similar in that they both are fight for the cause of rock. They are trying to show people that rock is a crucial part of music and that it deserves a chance. Though I fell Stings essay and Kappas essay both have different ways of proving a point I feel that Stings was an easier read and easier to understand overall.

Open Versus Closed Innovation free essay sample

Open Versus Closed Innovation BY celestel 979 A Critical Look at the Effects of In the Innovative Firms of the Twenty-first Century June 17, 2010 Abstract In todays fast paced business world, which innovation method should companies adopt, open or closed innovation? In this paper we will explore the methods of closed and open innovation. Then we will explore the pros and cons of both innovation methods and discuss which method works better in the business world of the twenty-first century. After reviewing the results this paper explores the particle implications that innovative firms should be aware of regarding Open and Closed nnovation and recommendations will be made for future research in this area. Introduction Background Looking back even a few decades companies viewed innovation strategies very differently then they do today. It was believed that successful innovation needed internal control and secrecy from others in the market. Large corporations used to dominate the field of innovation because they were the only ones who could afford to invest it large scale RD. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Versus Closed Innovation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Any company that tried to enter the market would have to find large amounts of resources to be able to even attempt to compete with the RD f the large corporations (Chesbrough, 2003; Herzog , 2008; Aylen, 2010; Kodama, 2005; Trott Hartmann, 2009). In the current economy start-up companies have found ways to bypass the large RD investments of the past. Instead of doing their own research these new entrance are getting their knowledge and technology from outside their company by either investing in relevant startup companies, or partnering with other companies up, down or horizontally on the value chain (Chesbrough, 2003). With the expanding options on how to obtain innovative ideas, processes, and products the big question remains should companies used a closed or open pproach to innovation? And does the open and closed methods work for all companies? (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010) In this paper we take a critical look at what closed and open innovation is, what the pros and cons are to both options, and try to determine if one method is better then Closed Innovation The main theory behind Closed Innovation is the belief that successful innovation requires control (Chesbrough, 2003). Companies that follow the Closed Innovation (C) model (see Figure 1) believe in self-reliance and that they should follow these rules to succeed: A firm should hire the best and smartest people Ђ Profiting from innovative efforts requires a firm to discover, develop, and market everything itself Being first to market requires that research discoveries originate within the firm Being first to market also ensures that the firm will win the Leading the industry in RD investments results in coming up with competition the best and most ideas and eventually in winning the competition Restrictive IP management must prevent other firms from profiting from the firms ideas and technologies (Herzog, 2008) Cl companies attempt to do everything on their own from innovative ideas, evelopment, manufacturing, advertising, promotion, distribution, service and even financing. If the innovative ideas or projects are not pursued or are discarded part way they are stored internally and will not be pr ofitable to the company or useful to the rest of the world unless they are used internally at a later date. This creates a great loss of many potentially great innovative ideas, products, services, and processes. If a company chooses Cl it can be expect that many innovations will be lost as companies do not have the ability or resources to turn every idea or technology nto a successful innovation the market can use. The main reason a company would choose Cl would be because they are scared of having their intellectual investments stolen by their competitors (Herzog , 2008; Chesbrough, 2003). [pic] Open Innovation Companies have reached the understanding that not all innovations have to originate internally and that if they do have an internal innovation and do not have the ability to act upon it they can still profit from it by partnering, Joint ventures, licensing or selling the innovation to another company. In Open Innovation (01) companies must ind a balance between keeping important internal secrets and still working with other companies to gain and produce valuable ideas, processes, resources, finances and support (Herzog , 2008). Companies that follow the 01 model (see Figure 2) believe in the following principals: Not all of the smart people work for us, so we must find and tap into the knowledge and expertise of bright individuals outside our company External RD value We dont have to originate the research in order to profit from it Building a better business model is better than getting to market first If we make he best use of internal and external ideas, we will win We should profit from others use of our intellectual property, and we should buy others intellectual property whenever it advances our own business model (Chesbrough, 2003) 01 encourages the Joining of resources from firms across all aspects of the value chain. Companies now realize that innovations they cant use or can be used further by other companies can lead to additional profits that they could have never obtained on their own (Almirall, Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Kodama, (2005) expands 01 even further to talk about creating strategic communities See Appendix 1), a convenient process of speeding up a firms innovation. To be able to quickly acquire a variety of knowledge of great use, managers from different areas, from inside and outside the firm, can make a strategic community with internal and external members, which could involve customers. A huge benefit is that strategic communities are not bound by the same limitations as the official organization. Now that we have explored what Cl and 01 is we will now go on to look at why one of the methods might be better then the other for companies competing in the twenty- irst century and why companies decide to choose one either Cl or 01. Open versus Closed Innovation 01 involves risk such as knowledge and sensitive information leakage and the risks must be weighed against the benefits that would be gained from participating in 01. One more trouble with 01 is that well some areas open up to help the flow of knowledge it has been found that to keep sensitive information secure there has actually been a reduction in the amount of information being share between internal departments which could effect the companies internal innovation (Trott Hartmann, 2009). It has been found that 01 is especially needed in fields such as knowledge-intensive industries where competition is strong and companies need to work together to be able to gain a competitive advantage in the field (Trott Hartmann, 2009). Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, (2010) study showed that 01 works better then Cl for partnerships that are fixed and have low to medium complexity levels but they also found that when there is high complexity involved that Cl is the best method to follow. Another discovery was that the benefits can be greater in flexible partnerships over fixed partnerships. The model of flexible partnerships effectively says, If you cant fgure out how to put the pieces together internally (confgure two subsystems optimally), it is critical to have lots of different pieces (complementary subsystems) to choose from and know how to put them together externally. (Almirall Casadesus- Masanell, 2010) Chesbrough and Crowther (2006; as sited in Aylen, 2010) said that 01 traditional and mature industries. A big contrast between 01 and Cl is how they go through their idea lists. Cl managers go through and proceed with the ideas they see as beneficial to their company and iscard what they see as bad ideas or ideas they know their firm does not have the resources to accomplish. Whereas a 01 manager would go through their idea list and sort them into three categories, innovations their company can pursue internally, ideas they can approach other companies about, and ideas that will not work at all. Therefore the 01 model gets to profit from the ideas that the Cl model would have otherwise discarded or stored for a later date (Chesbrough, 2003). Even though 01 has been adapted by many organizations as the best way to be successfully innovative the theory is not perfect. Trott Hartmann, (2009) point out that 01 is very linear and does not suggest any feedback or feed-forward mechanisms unlike the newer innovation models such as the Cyclic Innovation Model (Berkhout, A], Patrick van der Duin, Dap Hartmann Roland Ortt,(2007), cited in Trott Hartmann, 2009). This newer model suggest feedback and feed-forward techniques and also that the innovation process is cyclic, meaning new innovations grow from older innovations. Cl has been very successful for some companies such as Apple they swept the market with the iPod and this strategy and product put them back into the playing ield after have been struggling for years to catch up with the innovations of other major players. Another example of Cl is the Wii by Nintendo which was extremely innovative with their new product features (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Some very large companies have tried Cl techniques and had some devastating effects as a result, such as IBM and Xerox but both these examples were able to overcome these problems with the help of 01 techniques. Procter and Gamble and Philips have successfully adapted 01 and have gone so far as to hold conferences on he topic and even published their own reports on the subject. Trott Hartmann, (2009) provide a list of companies and the reasons they choose to become part of a strategic alliance (See Appendix 2). It has been noted by Chesbrough, (2003) that near the end of the 20th century a number of things happened that caused Cl to be taken into question by many firms.

psychology essay question daycare Essays

psychology essay question daycare Essays psychology essay question daycare Essay psychology essay question daycare Essay What does psychological research tell us about daycare? (12 marks) Daycare is where a child is cared for by someone other than its parents for some part of the day and it could be considered a form of short term deprivation. The NICHD study in the USA aimed to study the effect of daycare on children by conducting a longitudinal study. This involved gathering data by various methods such as observations, interviews and surveys. 1,200 children were studied from birth until they started school. The results of this study showed that the children who spent early continuous and ntensive time in daycare were likely to have more behavioural problems, such as aggression and disobedience, later than children who did not. The problems were rated by teachers and parents which suggests that the length of time in daycare has an effect. A significant strength of the study as the sample was very large and it was a longitudinal study, both which reduces the effects of individual differences. The researchers would have gathered a lot in-depth detail from the participants and furthermore be able to study development over time which makes the results more eliable. However a weakness of the NICHD study is that the findings took place in one culture, the USA, and may not be able to be generalised to other cultures. Cross cultural research has found differences in attachment across different cultures, which suggests these findings may only be applicable to children in the USA. A further issue that was investigated by this study is the type of daycare. It was found that nursery-type daycare, as oppose to home day-care, led to improvements in cognitive and language development but also increased behavioural problems such s disobedience. The study showed a third finding which was that the quality of daycare was important. Low quality daycare was particularly bad for children with mothers who lacked sensitivity. Good quality daycare tended to mean higher cognitive and language functioning in children. Overall, they concluded that daycare can have some negative effects such as aggression and disobedience. However, this complex area involves many variables and therefore it is difficult to draw a meaningful conclusion which is a weakness of the study. Researchers may not have considered issues such as good social background, temperament of the child, quality of their attachments and cultural differences which all could have affected the results of the study. On the other hand, the researchers used various different methods to collate data which means data can be compared to check for reliability and validity which is a strength of the study. This is like repeating the study to check for reliability, so if the same results are found using different research methods then reliability can be claimed. The EPPE project in the I-JK found different results to the NICHD study in the USA. They aimed to look at the impact of preschool provision on a childs intellectual, behavioural and social development. They also wanted to see if social inequalities could be reduced by attendance in preschool settings and whether some types of settings were better than others. They studied 3,000 children and used observations and interviews with parents and practitioners. The participants were from a range of social backgrounds to provide a variety in the ample, to look at issues such as social background. There were two groups; a control centres took part in the study. This is a strength of the study because the sample was large and carefully planned to include a range of children from different social backgrounds which means more secure conclusions can be drawn. They also used a control group in which they compare the daycare children which enables researchers to draw comparisons. The researchers found that high quality care improved social, behavioural and intellectual development. Furthermore, the study found that the earlier a child started daycare, the better the intellectual improvement. Children also had better independence and concentration the longer they had been in daycare. Another important finding was that disadvantaged children were better off in good quality daycare. However, a previously mentioned weakness regarding the NICHD study is the issue of generalisability as the study was conducted in one country, the I-JK. However, they accounted for this by choosing participants from a range of social backgrounds. Further psychological research into daycare came from Belsky and Rovine (1988) who considered the findings of the NICHD and EPPE projects. They used various methods such as the strange situation procedure. They concluded that good quality daycare, including childcare in daycare centres, can lead to better cognitive and language abilities. However, the more time spent in daycare, especially more time in centre-based care, tended to leave lead to more behavioural problems. He found that the important features of daycare are quality, quantity and type of daycare. A strength of this study is that data is relatively valid, as it is a quantitative measure of hours spent in daycare. However, the strange situation test could not be a valid measure as it only captures one particular issue; stranger fear. To conclude, daycare is a multifaceted, complex issue. Research shows us that it is not a simple issue of whether daycare is beneficial or not, but rather there are many different factors that can affect it such as; the type of daycare, the length of time spent in daycare and the age in which the child starts daycare.

How to Write a Perfect Human Resources Resume

How to Write a Perfect Human Resources Resume human resources professionals may see thousands of resumes in their careerss)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)

Big Data is a relative topic for most industries Research Paper

Big Data is a relative topic for most industries - Research Paper Example Such is the importance of getting valuable and timely insight nowadays that the exploitation of big data is considered a crucial component in the chances of success of a firm (Lynch, 2008). Investment in big data however does come with significant risks which participants must account for. A recent report published by Transparency Market Research indicates that the global big data market is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 40.5% from the years 2012 to 2018 (PR Newswire, 2014a; 2014b). Seemingly great news on the outset, it does have some important connotations. Given the affordable rates of internet subscriptions, service providers do not necessarily have the cash to invest in their network bandwidth. This creates the possibility of speed deficiencies, network overload and collapse as the upsurge in the availability of big data will not be matched by requisite bandwidth to support it. Without the necessary ancillary services present, revenues of the big data industry could be affected. Moreover, the big data industry is warm towards new entrants. Hadoop, the open source software utilized by major market players such as IBM and Oracle, is available for free for use by other parties as well (Sonderegger, 2014). This proposes a great competitive risk to current players in the market, especially with corporations such as Yahoo, Facebook, LinkedIn and eBay all applying this technology nowadays as well (Sonderegger, 2014). This could also give impetus to the industry giants to acquire patents to secure their place in the market by squeezing out competition. Halting technological innovations and breakthroughs will be an important repercussion of this type of action. The emergence of cyber crime poses a great threat to the progress of the big data industry. Customers should have complete faith in the ability of companies dealing in big

Poverty and Welfare in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poverty and Welfare in America - Essay Example She says that many a times they miss food and it at tall they have something to eat; they skip the meals to accommodate the family income. Tyler 12, her brother says that they do not get balanced diet. They often take cereals without milk. They is a case that is only possible in a situation where there is no sufficient family income to support proper nutrition in the family. Children sometimes are forced to do odd jobs to supplement on the little family income (Becker, 187). Kaylier and Tyler’s mother struggle and most of her earnings cannot even pay for their monthly expenses. Their mother, Barbara earns $ 1,480 a month. Out of this amount, $ 1,326 goes to the rent and their monthly utilities leaving them with an amount that can barely take care of their meals even for one week. Kaylie therefore sees the struggle and the toil of his mother. He therefore opt to collect cans for a price to supplement on their income to at least sustain them. Kaylie miss school so much because o f the condition and the situation their family is in. he does not get enough time to concentrate in school. Worst of it, he does not even go to school regularly due to their family financial strain. The poor state of families springs fear in children because when they cannot pay their bills, it bothers them because they can become homeless and continue in the worsened state of starvation. Brittany, a 9-year-old girl reflects and remembers prettily well how her father lost his job. This condition set the beginning of their problems. They started hoping from relatives to relatives who could not cordially accommodate them due to their equal financial constrains. The tragedy that befell their father saw them into loosing most of their property. Rodgers, Brittany’s brother reflects regretfully how they were feeling good. They could pay their bills and afford their meals: the course meals a day, to a position where they are left homeless with nothing to eat and nowhere to stay. In poor kids, it come to the knowledge of the family that Brittany’s mother was expectant and she goes into a wonder how they would manage to care for the infant when they could not even manage their bill (Becker, 139). This is a situation, which their mother responds to with, the assuredly of survival: adapting to survive in the midst of difficulty without hope of a better life. The prevailing situation in America according to the movie warrants the government to expand its programs of helping the needy and its poor citizens. It bits logics when citizens are going hungry in the same state with a government of the people and for the people. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that its citizens get sufficient food. According to the documentary, children are unable to go to school because of the financial constrain of the family. By expanding the welfare that helps the needy, because by investing into the education of children, the nation promotes its future. The government invests into its future asset just by educating the children a government that does not invest in the well being of everybody risks the future prosperity. According to the views of Yuval and Irwin, the welfare state has grown obsolete. The government cannot effectively take care of its people. This is because the economy of the country is strained to an extent that the government of the day cannot meet its expenses. Every citizen depends on the taxes that are paid to the government. This overdependence makes the government to

The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby Essay If The Great Gatsby had taken place in Sri Lanka, the hype surrounding F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel would have been non-existent. The enthralling love affairs between the characters that are the foundation of the story would have been absent from the plot because Sri Lankan culture is grounded on Buddhism. Buddhist guidelines emphasize the thought that attachment leads to suffering, a theme that appears habitually throughout the novel. Most characters in the novel face this attachment, but at such a degree that they are unable to detach themselves from the thing they desire. The collective inabilities of Wilson, Gatsby and Tom to let go of the people they love are key contributors to Gatsby’s murder. Wilson’s ineptitude to admit that Myrtle, his wife of 12 years, no longer loves him causes emotional suffering and plays a role in Gatsby’s murder. Wilson discovers that â€Å"Myrtle had some sort of life apart from him,† (111) that she shared with Tom. Wilson, in an attempt not to lose Myrtle forever, locks her in her room so that she can’t run away. His plan is to keep her closed off from the world for a few days and then â€Å"she is going whether she wants to or not† (111). Wilson plans on moving away with her so that the two can start a new life, with no one to get in between them. Although Wilson thinks that this will save his relationship, he is inept to acknowledge that he can’t do anything for them. Myrtle, trying to escape from Wilson, runs into the street and is hit by a car, Gatsby’s car. This causes Wilson to mistakenly believe that Gatsby is the one who killed Myrtle. Using an â€Å"eye for an eye† mentality Wilson wants the same consequences to be inflicted on Gatsby and seeks revenge by murdering him. Had Wilson been able to let go of Myrtle, he most likely wouldn’t have felt anger towards Gatsby. But his ineptitude to let go causes him to feel anger towards Gatsby because he has problems imagining a life without Myrtle. Wilson’s incapacity to acknowledge Myrtle’s lack of feelings for him is among components leading to Gatsby’s death. The inability of Gatsby and Daisy to let go of their past together ultimately contributes to Gatsby’s demise. The couple’s passionate history is rekindled because their houses are in close enough proximity to resume their connection. Even though Daisy has been married to Tom for the past five years, she maintains clandestine feelings for Gatsby. â€Å"Both of us loved each other all of that time,† (111) states Daisy in an emotional moment. This drawn out love holds true for Gatsby who faces difficulties letting go of Daisy. For example, right after Daisy marries Tom, Gatsby has problems accepting the realization that she is out of his reach forever. In desperation Gatsby crashes their wedding. Gatsby, a. k. a. Biloxi, ends up making an excuse to sleep at Daisy’s house for a few weeks after her marriage. Daisy is unaware that it is Gatsby, not Biloxi the box maker from Tennessee, who has been sleeping in her house all of that time. Even though Daisy is married to Tom, Gatsby has such an attachment to her that he hasn’t moved on. Gatsby’s inability to forget about Daisy leads him to persuade Nick to invite Daisy over for dinner. Gatsby plans on trying to reconnect an old fire within Daisy that used to burn for him. This attempt to reignite his love with Daisy ultimately results in his own death. Tom, Daisy’s husband, still loves her and like Wilson is distraught by the fact that another man is taking away his love. Tom wants a way to get rid of Gatsby so that Daisy will only have one man in her life. Tom sees his opportunity to rid Gatsby from Daisy’s’ â€Å"picture† by telling Wilson, who is seeking revenge for his wife’s murder, it was Gatsby’s car that killed Myrtle. In a way Gatsby contributed to his own death by not being able to put his past with Daisy behind him. This incapacity to move on is the spark that ignites people’s revenge towards him, and ultimately is the main cause of his death. Tom’s inability to admit that Daisy has become unfaithful, results in him seeking revenge on Gatsby. Tom is aware of the fact that Daisy and Gatsby have an on going clandestine affair, but still thinks that Daisy has loved him during that time. â€Å"Daisy loved me when she married me and she loves me now,† (117) yells Tom at Gatsby. This shows how Tom is incapable of admitting that Daisy has moved on from him. Even though Daisy is having an affair, Tom still thinks that the two of them share a passionate love for one another. Tom is so confident that Daisy still loves him that he states, â€Å"She’s not leaving me† (118). He falsely thinks that Daisy is as in love with him as he is with her. His inability to let go has made him think that Daisy also doesn’t want to loose him. Like all of the other characters in the book, Tom’s inability to let go of Daisy contributes to Gatsby’s murder. Tom still loves Daisy even though she has moved on from him, and will do anything to still be with her. Tom understands that the only way to be with Daisy is for Gatsby to disappear. Therefore, Tom tells Wilson that Gatsby’s car responsible for killing Myrtle, and as previously stated, allows for Wilson to get revenge on Gatsby. By refusing to admit that Daisy still doesn’t have feelings for him, Tom contributes to Gatsby death. Have you ever gone to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and seen one of those Pointillism paintings made up of small dots of paint? The murder of Gatsby is like a pointillist painting titled â€Å"Just Let Go†. Gatsby’s inability to let go of Daisy is the purple, Tom’s inability to let go of Daisy is the green, and Wilson’s inability to let go of Myrtle is the blue. The important thing is that all of these â€Å"colors† come together to form one image. Like the paintings up close, you only see the different colors and are unaware of the bigger picture being painted. When you look closely at The Great Gatsby you are also unaware how Wilson’s love for Myrtle could lead to Gatsby’s death. But when you step back it becomes apparent how each event leads to Gatsby’s unfortunate death. All of the little actions of Tom, Wilson and Gatsby are small dots in a bigger image. If these three men were able to let go of the people they loved at one time, Gatsby most likely wouldn’t have died. Like the Beatles sang, â€Å"Let if be, let it be, let it be, let it be. Speaking words of wisdom let it be. † If only the Beatles were founded 40 years earlier to pass their message onto the main characters in The Great Gatsby.

The Misfit in A Good Man Is Hard to Find Essay -- Flannery OConnor

Misfit or Savior Should The Misfit be perceived as an evil, psychotic hoodlum as portrayed in the story, or does he save us from hearing any more religious rhetoric from the grandmother? â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† repeatedly preaches morality while giving readers the illusion that the Misfit is possibly a dark angel, in fact, the Misfit simply kills the family in order to prevent the family from giving away his route of escape. Ultimately, the act of saving one’s own life by killing cannot be judged as being wrong, the Misfit saves himself along with his supposed criminal counterparts, Bobby Lee and Hiram. The story provides no evidence or background on what crimes the Misfit and his gang have committed, therefore, the reader must not view them as being heartless animals. This essay will attempt to persuade the reader to understand the motives of the Misfit, hopefully depict him as a savior for ending the grandmother’s religious jargon, and disprove that he resembled any religious character. The Misfit is described in the story as a violent, hard-core criminal with an imbalanced mind unfit for society, a local newspaper reports that the Misfit has escaped the federal penitentiary and is believed to be extremely dangerous. â€Å"Here this fellow calls himself The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward Florida and you read here what it says he did to these people. Just you read it. I wouldn’t take my children in any direction with a criminal like that aloose in it. I couldn’t answer to my conscience if I did† (249). The criminal justice system of the 1950’s can be described as very impartial and flawed, the story doesn’t tell the reader what crime was committed, but it does imply that the Misfit may have... ... be imagined if someone is deeply religious, and cannot simply see that the Misfit kills the grandmother because she lacks tact and to ensure his escape is successful. Although readers can assume so many symbolic coincidences throughout the story, we must face reality, symbolism doesn’t prove the existence of supernatural powers among us. The Misfit’s actions came from his motivation to survive his escape to freedom, while ending the life of a woman with ancient views of the world. Despite the grandmother’s cries for her own salvation, the absence of any supernatural being is revealed in the story. The world can look at the Misfit as a savior when it comes to eliminating a racist as well. Works Cited O?Connor, Flannery. "A Good Man is Hard to Find." The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York. HarperCollins, 1991. 907-917.

Robert Frost Selected Poems – ‘The Road Not Taken’ and ‘Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening’ – Analysis and Appreciation

Robert Frost was born in San Francisco on the 26th March 1874 and died on the 29th January 1963 in Boston. He was one of America's leading twentieth century poets and won many awards and honours, including four Pulitzer Prizes. When Frost was eleven, he moved to New England, where his interest in poetry came during his high school years at Lawrence, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard from 1897 to 1899, although he did not get a formal degree. During his life, he went through many occupations such as working as a teacher and cobbler. He also managed a farm that his grandfather had bought him, but when this failed he decided to sell it and used the money to take his family to England, where he could devote his time to writing poetry. By the time he returned to the United States in 1915, he had written and published a number of collections and became one of America's most celebrated poets. With each new book – including ‘Mountain Interval' (1916), ‘New Hampshire' (1923) and ‘Steeple Bush' (1947) – fame and publicity amplified. I do not read much poetry, although I particularly favour the writings of Robert Frost. Many of his poems including ‘The Road Not Taken' and ‘Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening' focus on images and descriptions of the natural world. However, they mainly concentrate on conveying a much deeper, more intense message. The teachings of Robert Frost are often very emotional. I very much enjoy reading his poems and trying to interpret their true meanings. I found that writing this essay made me understand the poems that I had already read many times even more clearly. ‘The Road Not Taken' is a very thoughtful and meaningful poem. The traditional but experimental and unique verses attract readers to the poem, as they are different from other poems. When first read, ‘The Road Not Taken' comes across as a simple poem based on intricacies of nature. It is clear from the first stanza that it is a poem that aims to paint a detailed picture of a peaceful road that leads into a yellow wood. However, with further readings and analysis, one can easily see that there is a much stronger, deeper meaning behind the smoothly woven words, common in many of Frost's poems. The poem's appeal lies in the extended metaphor and extended imagery, devices used very strongly to convey an important message about the twists and turns of life. ‘The Road Not Taken' is Frost's portrayal of the challenging choices that one is forced to make in life. I believe that every reader can relate to the poem and although the message is very strong, it is quite easy to interpret as it's readers can compare the poem to their own experiences. As the narrator is walking, he encounters a fork in the road. Both the roads ahead diverge â€Å"in a yellow wood†. The uninvited predicament causes him to pause and carefully ponder over his choices – â€Å"long I stood†. He has no desire to quickly rush into a decision and wants to be sure as to which road he takes. He â€Å"looked down one as far as† he could, to help him make his decision as to which road he will take, but both bend away into the undergrowth. If the reader compares this stanza to real life, they can see that the narrator has come to a point in his life when he has to make a very important decision. He has two choices in front of him that, at a glance seem very much alike (both diverge in a yellow wood). He calmly gathers his previous experiences and resources, showing that he is very much a perfectionist. However, he is unable to find any help that will give him an insight into the future. In life, we try to determine the outcome of ou r choices but it is very unlikely that we will be able to say exactly what will happen to us – we can only depend on assumptions based on our previous experiences and any insight we may have on other people's experiences. After looking down the second road and finding that it was â€Å"just as fair†, the narrator decides to travel through it because it was â€Å"grassy and wanted wear†. Once he had taken the road and begun travelling, he realised that the â€Å"passing there had worn them really about the same.† Taking the road less travelled by describes his personality. He seems to be an individualist and does not wish to take the more commonly used path and be influenced by other travellers' experiences. By taking the less commonly used road, the traveller sums himself up as being adventurous and daring, he is not afraid to try new things and likes to take risks and gambles. However, when he realised that other people had also been bold enough to take the less-travelled road, he may have felt a bit let down. Every reader can relate to this sort of situation. We all want to be unique, and want to boast about being brave enough to try something new. However, most probably there w ill be someone who has tried it before us. In stanza 3, it is clear that both roads â€Å"equally lay† and that there was not a less-trodden road. However, the man tries to convince himself that there is a difference in the two roads. He wavers slightly as he realises that his initial interpretation of the two roads was somewhat inaccurate, but retrieves his confidence by saying that he will return to the fork sometime in the future – â€Å"Oh, I kept the first for another day† – to see where the first road will lead him. At this point, the reader is introduced to the traveller's ego as he shoos away the truth that he could be wrong, by saying that it doesn't matter†¦he can always come back if things do not go to plan. â€Å"Yet knowing how way leads on to way/I doubted if I should ever come back†. Here, he acknowledges the harsh realities of life, which do not allow one to trace their footsteps back to the origin. All people when making a choice, say that they can always try the other option later on if need be. Frost teaches in lines 14 and 15 that, in life and the journey through the woods, there will be many other forks where new choices will have to be made. There will almost certainly never be time to return to the same spot again. The narrator is walking through ‘the road not taken' and looks into the future â€Å"with a sigh†. He wonders what it will bring – will he be successful and reach his destination or not? There is an element of doubt in his mind – what if? What if he had taken the more common road, what would have happened? When people make choices in life, they always question the future. They hope that what they are doing will result in victory. If one succeeds in their goals, the chances are that they will never look back. On the other hand, if one does not attain their goal, they remember the other options they had and wish that they had chosen one of those, even though that may have also not worked. The traveller continues to think about the future as he walks and meets other forks (challenges), and considers what he will tell people about his choice†¦ â€Å"Two roads diverged in to a yellow wood, and I – I took the one less travelled by, And that has made all the difference† ‘Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening' comes across as very pensive and serene, describing, as many of Frost's poems do, tranquil images of nature. Although the poem does not have any direct metaphors and similes, there is a clear use of extended imagery which is the main poetic device in the poem although it takes a couple of reads before one can see it, unlike the subject of nature which can be seen in the first few lines. It is a beautiful poem with a very strong message about life and how it forces people to work and strive away until there is nothing left to fight for. The first stanza enlightens the reader of the setting and mood of the poem. A man is travelling through woods when he stops to observe the natural world around him. He knows the person â€Å"whose woods these are† and knows that â€Å"his house is in the village†. The poet's tone and mood appears dismal as he states that the person in the village â€Å"will not see me stopping here/To watch his woods fill up with snow†, although he does not hint why this could be. From this verse, the reader can gather that the narrator is trying to reach a destination, his tone and mood suggesting that maybe he does not wish to go there. The woods are obviously special to him as it causes him to pause at such a desolate place on a snowy evening. The line, â€Å"His house is in the village, though†, indicates that the woods are away from the village and any civilisation. The woods are lovely and peaceful, but they are isolated too. In stanza 2, the reader can identify some examples of extended imagery. The coldness of the night (â€Å"frozen lake†) and description of it being â€Å"the darkest evening of the year† may describe the way he feels as well as his surroundings. â€Å"My little horse may think it queer/To stop without a farmhouse near† indicates that the poet is aware that he does not have time to stop and stare at the woods filled with snow, even though he does not want to leave. In life, people are always busy doing things. They often wish to stop and reflect, yet the demanding circumstances around them forbid them to do this, and they are forced to battle away with the day-to-day chores. ‘Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening' seems to give this sort of message. In stanza 3, the man has still not moved on and his horse is becoming more and more confused as to where they are. He â€Å"gives his harness bells a shake/To ask if there is some mistake†. The horse keeps hurrying Frost by shaking his bells, upsetting the narrator's thoughts and short break. Even in such a beautiful, soothing place, where the â€Å"only other sound's the sweep/Of easy wind and downy flake†, the traveller is not free from interruption and disturbance. One can easily relate to this – when people try to relax for a little while, away from all the work, others around them seem to think that he or she is being lazy and hurry them along. In the same way, the horse cannot understand as to why Frost is not doing anything, even though it is so cold and dark. The traveller conveys his feelings towards the woods, saying that they are â€Å"lovely, dark and deep†. However, he sadly sighs, admitting that he cannot stay as he has â€Å"promises to keep/And miles to go before I sleep†. Maybe the journey that the traveller is travelling through is the journey of life, the one common journey that all human beings have to travel. He has made many promises and has many goals that he wants to achieve in life. Frost implies that it will be a long time before he sleeps, sleep maybe being a metaphor for death as this is really the only time when one is free from the daily circle of work and unrest. In ‘Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening' the description of the night being cold and dark emphasises the fact that even in the most impossible situation, one has to struggle on and on until the end. The poem shows that even an animal like the traveller's horse will hurry you if the work is not done. Also, the choices that one makes in life have to be achieved if success is to be met. No matter what happens, humans have to keep on fighting all the problems and distractions until everything is done. In life, people find rest and freedom very late in life. By the time they have finished all the work and attained all their goals, they are very old and probably cannot enjoy the good things life has to offer. True happiness and rest comes only with death. I think that Frost tries to convey all these messages through the profound images in the poem. I like ‘Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening' very much, as the multi-layered and poignant messages, in my mind, hold a lot of tru th. The emotional and passion-arousing teachings give the poem a very strong identity and cause me to stop and reflect, while comparing them to my own experiences. When comparing ‘The Road Not Taken' and ‘Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening', I find that they are very similar in a number of ways. In both the poems, the woods encountered are travelled into unintentionally. For example, in ‘The Road Not Taken' the man is walking when he suddenly faces a fork in the road that leads into yellow woods. In ‘Stopping By Woods†¦' the traveller is travelling on horseback on a snowy, dark evening as he passes peaceful, wild woods that belong to someone in the village. This could be a metaphor for unknown, unfamiliar circumstances. Even though one would think that the narrator is a different person each time, both travellers seem very similar. The traveller that takes ‘the road not taken' is different from others. He seems to be a cool, level-headed, unbiased man who likes to take risks and try new challenges. The man who encounters the woods on a snowy evening is also different from others. Despite the cold and darkness, he insists on staying in the woods for some time. He loves the sense of desertion and loneliness and wants a break from the hustle and bustle of work. The dark and deep woods seem to reflect on him, revealing his dark emotion and depth of character. Both men are peculiar in their actions and views when compared with the majority of people, their deep thinking much the opposite to most of the impulsive minds of today. Both of the poems written by Frost have the use of extended imagery, giving them the ‘Robert Frost's poetry' stamp straight away. Although the poems themselves are simplistic, plain and candid, they have very deep, significant and emotional messages, which teach readers the harsh realities of life. The poems provoke and challenge one's existence, bringing the true meaning of his words home to the reader, making them so beautiful and unique in their way.

Bullying at School Essay

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Design and typesetting by SCRE Information Services. Being bullied is a frightening experience. No-one likes to think that it will happen to them or to people they know and care about. But bullying does happen to some children and many more find themselves on the fringes of it by being aware that it is happening. Everyone can play a part in reducing the damage bullying does. Bullying cannot be stopped by pupils, parents or teachers acting alone. Schools are finding new ways of tackling bullying. All of these aim to get people talking about the problem and working together to find solutions. Although this is not easy, it is the only effective way to stop bullying. Young people who are being bullied feel powerless to stop it happening. They may be angry, frightened or bewildered. They are unable to concentrate on their lessons. Some pretend to be ill or truant because they are so frightened. A few have even taken their own lives. They lose confidence in themselves, and this low self-esteem may have life-long consequences. It is important that all children and young people become aware of what bullying is and how their actions affect the lives of others. Encouraging the development of social and moral awareness is the responsibility of both home and school. The families of people who are being bullied feel angry and frustrated on their behalf. These emotions are natural. You have a right to feel angry if your child is bullied at school. But strong feelings sometimes lead to actions which may make the situation worse rather than better. Of course bullies must expect to be punished, but punishment alone will not solve the problem. Unless it is backed up by other actions, it may just drive it underground. Parents, families, teachers and pupils must all be prepared to talk and work together so that everybody understands how others feel s 1 In this book you will find guidance on what to do if you think someone in your family is being bullied; and information on how schools are trying to tackle bullying. â€Å"If you are worried discuss this with a teacher. † What is Bullying and What Can You Do About It? Bullying is not easy to define. Sometimes it involves hitting or kicking. But threats, teasing, and taunting are more common and can be more damaging. The word ‘bullying’ is used to describe many different types of behaviour ranging from teasing or deliberately leaving an individual out of a social gathering or ignoring them, to serious assaults and abuse.

Essay on Legal rights

Essay on Legal rights Essay on Legal rights Essay on Legal rightsExplain the difference between an employee’s legal rights and moral rights.Legal rights of employees are determined by existing legal norms and written laws. Moral rights of employees do not have material or legal manifestations. Instead, moral laws have cultural implications.Explain three different meanings of a right to work. Which, if any, do you think should be among the moral rights of employees?The right to work is the right to exercise one’s skills and abilities to earn money. The right to work is the right for employment that matches the qualification and occupation of employees and interests. The right to work is the right for the fair and just employment. The last definition should be among the moral rights of employees.What is the legal doctrine of employment at will? Explain three different legislative or judicial limitations on this doctrine. Do you think any are unreasonable?The legal doctrine of employment at will is grounded on the r ight of employer to hire and fire employees, if employees cannot perform their functions or if employees are not required for employers to perform specific jobs.What is the definition of due process? How does this relate to the concept of just cause?The due process is the respect of all legal rights of individuals by the state. The due process may be neglected in case of the just cause that allows uncovering private information of individuals in the course of investigation of crimes, for example.Explain and evaluate four major counterarguments to due process rights in the workplace.First, specificity of some jobs, like emergency services, implies the possibility of neglecting some basic rights, like the right to strike. Second, employers take decisions concerning business development and employees’ rights cannot be always protected, if the employer runs bankrupt or changes business policy. Third, employees can misuse due process for their benefits to gain better working condi tions, for example. Fourth, the government cannot interfere in private business because it violates rights of employees.Explain what you take to be the strongest argument in defense of an employee’s right to participate in managerial decision-making. Explain what you take to be the strongest argument against such a right.The strongest argument for the participation of employees in managerial decision-making is the contribution of employees to the organizational performance and the dependence of employees on decisions taken by managers.Explain how individual bargaining between employer and employee would be the preferred method of the economic model of corporate social responsibility for establishing a healthy and safe workplace. Describe at least two objections to this approach.Individual bargaining would help to determine working conditions and responsibilities of employees that would match interests of both employees and employers. However, there is the risk of disparities that may be treated as unfair employment because of different bargaining power of different professionals and possible conflicts between employees, who have managed to bargain different conditions of work.Explain how the nature of the employer-employee relationship helps to determine the extent of privacy in the workplace.The nature of the employer-employee relationships helps to determine the extent of privacy in the workplace by the degree of protection of employee’s private information.

Finding Old ACT Test Scores

Finding Old ACT Test Scores Lets say you graduated from high school, had a great job lined up, and jumped right into the workforce. After a few years without raises, though, a bachelors  degree began to sound  good. As part of the college admissions process, youll probably need your old  ACT  scores. Here are the steps to retrieving your old ACT scores. Remember Which College Admissions Test You Took If it’s been a while since you took your college admissions exam, you may not recall whether you took the  ACT or SAT  in high school. Here’s a hint: Your composite  ACT score  will be a two-digit number between 1 and 36. Your SAT score will be a three- or four-digit score. Remember that the ACT test has changed quite a bit in over the years, so the questions have changed and the score you received would be scaled a bit differently now. If you took the ACT, keep reading. If it was the  SAT,  you will need to contact the College Board to obtain your old scores. Request Your Scores There are three ways you can request your ACT scores. Online:  If you have your ACT online account information handy, you can log in to access your scores. Your account will include a list of all the times you took the ACT and youll be able to select which old scores youd like to see or have sent to a college or university. You can find old ACT test scores from October 1966 until the present. If you don’t know your password or other online account details, you can email the ACT help desk, use the online chat feature, or call 319-337-1270 for assistance.  By phone:  Order scores by  phone by calling 319-337-1270. Note that only priority reports (which require an additional fee) may be ordered by phone. Phone orders also include an additional $15.00 fee per report.By mail:  Download the request form and send it to ACT Student Services: Score Reports,  P.O. Box 451,  Iowa City, IA 52243-0451. Youll need to include your personal information at the time of testing, including street address, and will also choose recipient s to receive your ACT scores. Pay the Fee Regular report:  The regular ACT  score report fee for a test date after September 1, 2016, is $13 per test date per report. For ACT scores for testing prior to September 1, 2016, the price is $38 per test date per report. A regular report will be delivered in about two weeks. Check the ACT website or call to confirm the current fees.Priority report:   A priority report will be delivered in three to four days. The price is $16.50 per test date per report for tests after September 1, 2016, and $41.50 per test date per report for tests taken before September 1, 2016.   Additional Tips for Finding Your Old ACT Scores Gather as much information as you can before you contact ACT for your scores. If youre completing the form and mailing your request, be sure to type or write legibly. If ACT can’t read your request, it will be delayed.   Remember that since your scores are older, the test may have changed, The ACT score reporting service will include a letter providing that information to the institutions in which youre interested.

ISSUE DEVELOPMENT(Cutting Academic Programs in Higher Education) Research Paper

ISSUE DEVELOPMENT(Cutting Academic Programs in Higher Education) - Research Paper Example Therefore, professionals have an array of viable remedies such as decreasing the expenses of the institutions while promoting performance accountability, raising tuition and the most adequate one (in terms of fund management) cutting academic programs (Goldstein, 2005). Cutting academic programs focuses on fronts such as reducing the amount spent on paying faculty and other personal (Keppler, 2010). Another area is merging or total annihilation of departments (Keppler, 2010). According to Ohio Board of Regents (2010), cutting academic programs is necessary especially when one considers the performance of a given program against their financial viability. Various states have seen the effects of cutting of academic programs due to budget cuts. With the projection that Missouri by the fiscal year 2012 would suffer a budget deficiency of up to $500 million, cutting education programs was no longer an option. Given statistics on student enrollment, number of graduates and the value of rel ated research, over 70 programs were in the line up for possible cuts (Chapman et al, 2010). The scenario was more somber in states such as Louisiana where whole colleges were at the risk of extinction. Chapman et al report that in New York and Illinois, administrations were more specific to the point of exuding some form of bias (2010). In the University of Illinois, it was the institution of aviation. The director of this institution cites unfairness given that the institution is small and remote. Meanwhile, in New York State University, the department of Language, Literature and Cultures took the hardest blow with an estimated four programs targeted for budget cuts (Chapman et al, 2010). There are a number of factors that cause states and institutions of higher learning to favor cutting of academic programs even with the public outcries. Currently, increase in cost of living makes it difficult for parents to afford hiked tuition fees hence parents may support cutting academic pro grams to increasing tuition fee (Goldstein, 2005). On the other hand, the institutions’ administration would rather loose a few programs than loose graduate enrollments because of insufficient funds to run the entire institution (Gold, 1995). After all, students can always move away from a cut program and limit themselves to those available. Finally, there is a great shift in educational stratification in view of changing world economics (Jung & Milton, 2007). The current employment market favors professions in fields such as business (Jung & Milton, 2007) while other programs such as history and arts take a back seat. As such, students prefer engineering and scientific courses at the expense of arts making these programs more susceptible to budget cuts (Jung & Milton, 2007). All these factors contribute to the popularity of cutting academic programs in higher education. Current and Future Prospects: The first issue that comes to mind is the redundancy of some of the academic programs not because of reduced enrollment in their respective departments but because of budget cuts (Chapman et al, 2010). For instance, in New York, foreign languages, classics and theatre are at the verge of â€Å"death† according to the article by Chapman et al (2010). It seems the state administrations current shift in budget allocation will become permanent. Most states now favor performance based funding (Harnisch, 2011). The outcome of this is that institutions

Spirituality 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spirituality 3 - Essay Example The following is a brief summary of the assessment. It was noted that the patient admitted to being affected by her relationship with God due to her illness. She has not been able to do things related to spirituality effectively as a result of her illness. She relates her devastation in her relationship with her family and friends as they consider her an outcast in the community. From the assessment it was observed that the kind of ailment she was suffering was considered to infect someone who went against the culture of the community. The patient had a desire to make up with children who have since been separated from her for three months of her ordeal. She reiterated that she wish to profess her love for her children. It is apparent that the conflicts are likely to affect the medical situation where the patient is likely to die faster than anticipated. Besides, she preferred to speak to her chaplain before she passed on, which is a request she made to the nurses to help her soul rest in peace. The major challenge in conducting the assessment was behind the fact that the patient was emotional at some point. She blamed everyone in the society for her current situation, her family members for abandoning her and God for letting things happen the way they are. It was not easy to complete the entire assessment. In future, I intend to change the line and formatting of the questions in away to avoid build up of emotions among the patients (Clark, Drain & Malone, 2003). Besides, I failed to take into considerations that this patient had reached a point of believing that God is not in control and hence He is a mean super being who lets His people suffer. Through the assessment I learnt some few vital lessons. One of the significant things I learnt was spirituality is essential to some patients while other patients who tend to be pagans in nature it might not help a lot. Moreover, it is one of

Building a learning community project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Building a learning community project - Essay Example ing at an age where plans for the future must be charted, the students’ perspectives for a fulfilling career are usually influenced by their interests and experiences. Hence, teachers must be knowledgeable in balancing teacher-directed learning and student-centred learning. A constructivist philosophy in the teaching-learning process is proposed. Ideally, career planning should begin early in a student’s life. As early as third or fourth grade, an Individual Career Development Plan (ICDP) should be started. This is a student notebook or portfolio containing information about their career interests including education and training opportunities and even exploration experiences (Hoerner, 1994). They are free to design their ICDP as they please because the more it is individualized to their preference, the more responsibility they will take in planning their lives, so they should be encouraged to carry their ICDP to all their classes, to take it home and share with parents, family and friends for feedback. Beginning a career plan in elementary school will help children have a focus around which they can relate their studies and extra-curricular activities. It is also important for teachers to nurture not only knowledge acquisition but also to include knowledge application. They need to think beyond the classroom and learn about possible careers their students may pursue when they go out into the world (Hoerner, 1994) Encouraging students to come up with their own ideas may be in the ambit of the teachers within the school premises. However, a bigger problem may lie outside school, specifically when the students go back to the community. The school, then, in envisioning success for such learner-centred learning must engage the community, most specifically the students’ parents and family members in supporting the students’ activities. Teachers must inculcate in the parents the significance of their cooperation and support if they indeed want their

Motivating Employees And Job Satisfaction

Motivating Employees And Job Satisfaction The work in the modern economies has made an understanding of the psychology of motivation and job satisfaction as a key component of business and management syllabuses. The aim of the study is two-fold: Firstly, literature reviews for the motivation theories and Theories on job satisfaction. Secondly, the relationships between employee motivation and job satisfaction. Motivation theories clarifying the importance of addressing employees needs at work, the attitude of workers towards their jobs, the basis for studying the motivational implications of perceived unfairness and injustice in the workplace, how rewards lead to behavior and relations between reinforcement and behavior. Theories on job satisfaction clarifying the aspects that impact directly on levels of job satisfaction, how people are influenced by how satisfied they believe other workers are with the same job, satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job, the innate for dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction. The relationship between employee motivation and job satisfaction has indicated that numerous variables of a personal, job and organizational nature influence the level of motivation and job satisfaction that employees experience in the workplace. This includes peoples needs with regard to their work and the work environment, as well as the nature and content of their jobs, and the working conditions under which they perform their daily tasks. List of Acronyms List of Figures Maslows hierarchy of needs Figure 2.1 P4 List of Tables Table of Contents Acknowledgement Ñ- Abstract Ñ-Ñ- List of Acronyms Ñ-Ñ-Ñ- List of Figures 6 List of Tables 6 Table of Content 6 1. Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Research problem 1 1.2 Importance of study 1 1.3 Research questions 1 2. Chapter 2: Motivation and theoretical background x 2.1 Motivation overview x 2.2 Definitions of employee motivation x 2.3 Theories of motivation x 2.3.1 Needs-based theories x 2.3.2 Two-factor theory x 2.3.3Cognitive theories x 2.3.3.1 Equity theory x 2.3.3.2 Expectancy theory x 2.3.3.3 Goal-setting theory x 2.3.4 Reinforcement theories x 2.4 Motivation : Composite summary x 3. Chapter 3: Job satisfaction x 3.1 Job satisfaction overview x 3.2 Definitions of job satisfaction x 3.3Theories on job satisfaction x 3.3.1 Two-factor theory x 3.3.2 Social influence theory x 3.3.3 Affect theory x 3.3.4 Equity theory x 3.3.5 Dispositional theory x 3.3.6 Job characteristics model x 3.4 Creating job satisfaction x 3.4.1 Work environment x 3.4.2 Career development programs x 3.4.3 Employee motivation x 3.5 Measuring job satisfaction x 3.6 Job satisfaction : Composite summary x 4. Chapter 4: The Relationship between Motivating Employees and Job satisfaction x 4.1 The effect of motivating employees on Job satisfaction x 4.2 How can mangers increase employee Job Satisfaction x 5. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation x 5.1. Conclusion x 5.2. Recommendation x References 2 Chapter 1: Introduction Research Problem A variety of factors motivate people at work, some of which are tangible, such as money, and some of which are intangible, such as a sense of achievement. Although employees derive satisfaction from their work, or places of work, for different reasons, this study was concerned specifically with the investigation of the relationship between levels of satisfaction and the motivation of employees at work. The primary point of departure is that the success of any organization is heavily dependent on the inputs of its workforce, and that such inputs are determined to a large extent by personal characteristics, and by those facets of peoples work environments that motivate them to invest more physical and mental energy into their work. In this way the organizations objectives are pursued and met. Motivation and job satisfaction are therefore regarded as key determinants of organizational success. Importance of study This study demonstrated the importance of employee motivation and job satisfaction in organizational capability and effectiveness. Business has come to realize that a motivated and satisfied workforce can deliver powerfully to the bottom line. It is crucial for any organization, and particularly for those in developing countries with limited skills resources, such as Egypt, to ensure that it develops and retains a loyal, dedicated, committed and able workforce on a consistent basis. Loyal employees who are satisfied with the work that they do and with the culture of the organization they are employed by, and who are consequently motivated to continue their relationship with that organization. Finck, Timmers and Mennes (1998) emphasized that only when employees are excited and motivated by what they do, will business excellence be achieved. 1.3. Research questions What is employees motivation? Why employees need motivation? What is job satisfaction? How to create job satisfaction? How to measure employees job satisfaction? What is the relationship between employee motivation and job satisfaction? Chapter 2: Motivation and theoretical background 2.1 Motivation overview In the current business environment, organizations in all industries are experiencing rapid change, which is accelerating at enormous speed. To be successful in a borderless, competitive global environment, companies must be sure to work hard on especially the people side of their business (Khan, 1997). This view is supported by Finck et al. (1998), who stated that companies must recognize that the human factor is becoming much more important for organizational survival, and that business excellence will only be achieved when employees are excited and motivated by their work. In addition, difficult circumstances, such as violence, tragedy, and fear and job insecurity create severe stress in employees and result in reduced workplace performance. The issue of what motivates employees has set a practical and theoretical agenda for organizational psychologists since the start of the 20th century. Baron (1991, p.9) described motivation as one of the most pivotal concerns of modern organizational research. Van Niekerk (1987) emphasized this point by stating that productivity is a function of both the motivation and the ability of an employee. Therefore, if motivation equals zero, so does productivity. Since employee performance is a joint function of ability and motivation, one of managements primary tasks, therefore, is to motivate employees to perform to the best of their ability. In the field of organizational psychology, work motivation is approached from several angles. For example, some researchers feel work motivation study should start with an examination of the values of employees, since their values determine their needs, and their needs ultimately determine their behavior. A crucial problem for others in contemporary organization theory and research is how best to conceptualize and assess individual differences in motivational tendencies (Kanfer Ackerman, 2000). Sempane et al. (2002) noted that organizations represent highly complex social structures because of their dynamic nature. Employees, who are role players in them, render them competitive through their involvement and commitment. The relationship between organization and employee is characterized by a high level of mutual interdependence, as both parties impact on the others potential for success. Employee motivation and job satisfaction become crucial elements in this relationship. Extensive research has shown that employee motivation and job satisfaction are not brought about in isolation, but rather respond to organizational variables such as structure and working conditions (Schneider Snyder, 1975). 2.2 Definitions of employee motivation Walker (1980) stated that studies over the years have shown little relationship between measures of job satisfaction and performance outputs. Highly satisfied workers may be poor performers, whereas highly dissatisfied workers may be good performers. Several variables influence the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance; although no direct causal relationships between these have been identified as yet. However, it appears that motivation might account for much of the link between an employees job satisfaction and job performance. Motivation, therefore, closes the satisfaction-performance loop, and has to do with a set of interrelated factors that explain an individuals behavior, holding constant the variables controlled or influenced by management, as well as by individual skills, abilities and knowledge. The term motivation is derived from the Latin term movere, which means to move. A great many definitions of the motivation construct have been postulated over the several decades during which this multi-faceted concept has been researched. The rich variety in perspectives on the topic of motivation is illustrated below. Beach (1980) saw motivation as a willingness to expend energy to achieve a goal or reward. This author took somewhat of a behaviorist approach in stating that behavior that is perceived to be rewarding will be repeated, whereas behavior that goes unrewarded or is punished, tends to be extinguished. Beach (1980) did, however, recognize intrinsic motivation as related to the job content and as that which occurs when people perform an activity from which they derive satisfaction from simply engaging in the activity itself. Van Niekerk (1987) saw work motivation as the creation of work circumstances that influence workers to perform a certain activity or task of their own free will, in order to reach the goals of the organization, and simultaneously satisfy their own needs. Du Toit (1990) added that three groups of variables influence work motivation, namely individual characteristics, such as peoples own interests, values and needs, work characteristics, such as task variety and responsibility, and organizational characteristics, such as its policies, procedures and customs. It is interesting to note that the concept of organizational commitment has come to partly replace that of motivation within the field of organizational behavior (Lewicki, 1981). While the concept of motivation is linked to individualistic and task-centered reward systems, commitment seems to be linked to the identification of employees with a collective, that is, in terms of corporate values and norms. As such, management is concerned with cultivating motivation towards realizing the mission and goals of the organization, which are far above the ambitions and goals of any individual in it. 2.3 Theories of motivation Motivation research draws on a large number of theoretical perspectives. Although some of these appear to be less influential than when they were originally postulated, such as Maslows hierarchy of needs theory (Wicker Wiehe, 1999), their contributions as foundation layers and inspirations for subsequent theories are still evident and acknowledged. According to Petri (1996) the vast array of motivation theories are based, in essence, on differing approaches to the origins or sources of motivation, e.g. energy, heredity, learning, social interaction, cognitive processes, activation of motivation, homeostasis, hedonism or growth motivation. Depending on the particular approach adopted, motivation theories are generally classified into three categories, namely needs-based, cognitive, and drive and reinforcement theories (Baron et al., 2002). 2.3.1 Needs-based theories One of the most often-quoted motivation theories is that of Abraham Maslow, which he introduced in 1943 (Van Niekerk, 1987). The basic tenet of the theory is that people are motivated by their quest to satisfy their needs, or deficiencies, which may be grouped in five categories, and that these needs occur in a specific hierarchy, where lower order needs have to be satisfied before those of a higher order nature (Gouws, 1995). Maslow (1968, p.153) asserted that gratification of one basic need opens consciousness to domination by another. Maslows need hierarchy is portrayed in Figure 2.1. maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.jpg Figure 2.1: Maslows hierarchy of needs Needs hierarchy theory has had a positive impact on organizations, as it has focused attention on the importance of addressing employees needs at work (Spector, 2003). In addition, one of its main constructs, the self-actualization concept, has become very popular with especially managers and executives who have accepted this high-level need as a potent motivator (Schultz Schultz, 1998). 2.3.2 Two factor theory Frederick Herzbergs well-known and controversial theory of motivation was postulated in 1954, and developed from his work to determine the attitude of workers towards their jobs (Gouws, 1995). As such, it was originally intended to be a job satisfaction theory, but over time it was its motivational aspects that attracted most attention (Baron et al., 2002). Beach (1980) was of the opinion that this theory constitutes more of a work motivation than general human motivation theory. The basic assumption of Herzbergs theory is that motivation originates from the job itself, and not from other external characteristics, and that those factors leading to job satisfaction (motivators) are separate and distinct from those leading to job dissatisfaction (hygiene/maintenance factors) (Herzberg, 1966). The hygiene factors, which may be equated with Maslows lower order needs, are placed along a continuum, from a state of dissatisfaction, to no dissatisfaction. These factors involve circumstances surrounding the task which do not lead to job satisfaction, but prevent dissatisfaction, if maintained adequately. Examples of these maintenance factors include the level of supervision, job status, work circumstances, service conditions, remuneration and interpersonal relationships (Herzberg, 1966). Motivators, on the other hand, have a direct positive effect on the work situation, and lead to improved productivity. They may be equated with Maslows higher order needs, and are also placed along a continuum from a highly motivated to a highly unmotivated state. Aspects of the job itself, e.g. level of recognition, pleasure of performance, increased responsibility, and opportunities for advancement and promotion, serve as motivators (Herzberg, 1966). 2.3.3 Cognitive theories 2.3.2.1 Equity theory Equity theory was first introduced by Stacy Adams in 1965. Its basic tenet is that people are motivated to achieve a condition of equity / fairness in their dealings with other people, and with the organizations they work for. People make judgments or comparisons between their own inputs at work, e.g. their qualifications, experience and effort, and the outcomes they receive, e.g. pay and fringe benefits, status and working conditions. They then assign weights to these inputs and outputs according to their relevance and importance to themselves. The summed total produces an output / input ratio, which is the key issue in terms of motivation. If a persons output / input ratio is equal to that of another person, equity exists. A state of inequity leads to tension, which the individual tries to reduce by changing one or more elements of the ratio, e.g. increase or reduce his effort. Perceived inequity by the person is therefore the basis for motivation (Baron et al., 2002). This theory helped to provide the basis for studying the motivational implications of perceived unfairness and injustice in the workplace. It also laid the foundation for more recent theories on distributive (how much is allocated to each person) and procedural justice (how rewards and job requirements are determined) (Cropanzano Folger, 1996). In a meta-analysis of many of these theories, 2.3.3.2 Expectancy theory The original thinking behind what has come to be known as expectancy theory, or Vrooms Expectancy-Valence-Instrumentality (VIE) theory, can be traced back to the theorizing of Tolman and Levin in 1932 and 1938 respectively (Petri, 1996). Vroom was, however, the first scholar to elaborate on this thinking in a motivational context in 1964 (Gouws, 1995). Since its origins in the psychological theorizing of some 60 years ago, the expectancy theory has been presented in many variations. Common to all versions is the basic tenet that people base their behavior on their beliefs and expectations regarding future events, namely those maximally advantageous to them (Baron et al., 2002). Essentially, the theory explains how rewards lead to behavior, through focusing on internal cognitive states that lead to motivation. In other words, people are motivated to action if they believe those behaviors will lead to the outcomes they want. The said cognitive states are termed expectancy, valence and instrumentality (Spector, 2003). 2.3.3.3 Goal-setting theory Goal-setting theory was first proposed by Edwin Locke in 1968. Spector (2003) described this perspective on motivation as the assumption that peoples behavior is motivated by their internal intentions, objectives or goals; in other words, by what people consciously want to achieve. According to Locke and Henne (1986) goals affect behavior in four ways: They direct attention and action to those behaviors which a person believes will achieve a particular goal; They mobilize effort towards reaching the goal; They increase the persons persistence, which results in more time spent on the behaviors necessary to attain the desired goal; They motivate the persons search for effective strategies for goal attainment. This theory has an intuitive appeal because of its clear relevance to the workplace (Schultz Schultz, 1998). It is currently one of the most popular theories informing organizational approaches to employee motivation (Spector, 2003). 2.3.4 Reinforcement theories Reinforcement theories, which assume that peoples behavior is determined by its perceived positive or negative consequences (Baron et al., 2002) are based on the Law of Effect Hulls drive theory elaborated on this idea and suggested that effort was the mathematical product of drive, multiplied by habit, and that habit were derived from behavior reinforcement. The consequences of behavior may be tangible, such as money, or intangible, such as praise (Spector, 2003). In this regard, reinforcement theory was highly influential in firmly establishing the ideas relating to incentive and reward systems that are applied in most organizations today. As such, it provided the basis for the notion that rewards should be contingent with individual units of productivity (Schultz Schultz, 1998). As a motivation theory, reinforcement theory has fallen somewhat out of favor, as it merely describes relations between reinforcement and behavior, but gives little insight into motivational processes, e.g. whether or not a person wanted a specific reward, or why. Nevertheless, its relative popularity in the workplace is maintained by research that has shown that rewards can be highly effective in the enhancement of job performance (Spector, 2003). 2.4 Motivation: Composite summary Each of the theories covered has contributed substantially towards current perspectives on and understanding of the concept of motivation in the workplace. The needs theories, for example, are largely responsible for organizations recognition that peoples behavior at work is motivated by highly individualized innate needs and desires (Van Niekerk, 1987). Achievement-orientated people are, for example, driven by a much stronger need for power, affiliation and achievement than most other people (Schultz Schultz, 1998). For this reason, employers need to ensure that they invest the necessary time and effort to assess the personal needs of individual employees, and customize their jobs and working environments accordingly (Walker, 1980). Due to their innate need to produce good work and develop themselves, most employees do not need constant supervision and direction and may, in fact, find such actions very demotivating. In addition, people need to experience their work as meaningful an d challenging, and therefore require considerable input on the part of management to ensure a high degree of job enrichment on a continual basis (Beach, 1980). The cognitive theories of motivation have helped employers to understand that, apart from their motivation being driven by innate needs, employees also apply deliberate conscious thought to their behavior at work. Organizations are aware that people evaluate their inputs on the job against what they receive in return, and that they should therefore pay attention to the equitability between employee delivery and reward (Cropanzano Folger, 1996). It is also prudent for organizations to offer a range of benefits, which may be acquired through different levels of performance, to allow employees to set themselves challenging goals that they may attain via differing means they may perceive as instrumental towards those goals (Spector, 2003). Once employees have met the requirements of their own jobs, and attained certain goals, they expect certain rewards to follow. In this regard, reinforcement theories have contributed much towards the establishment of a wide array of reward and performance incentives systems applied in organizations all over the world today (Beach, 1980). Clearly, the theorizing of many an author and researcher over the years has resulted in the increased ability of organizations to transform these theories into practical and effective measures to address a highly complicated aspect of organizational psychology, namely the motivation of human behavior at work, and to ensure organizational success and profitability in the process. Chapter 3: Job satisfaction 3.1 Job satisfaction overview The concept of job satisfaction enjoys increasing attention from organizations these days, since its importance and pervasiveness in terms of organizational effectiveness has been firmly established quite some time ago. Managers now feel morally responsible for maintaining high levels of job satisfaction among their staff, most probably primarily for its impact on productivity, absenteeism and staff turnover, as well as on union activity (Arnold Feldman, 1986). Organizations recognize that having a workforce that derives satisfaction from their work contributes hugely towards organizational effectiveness and ultimate survival. Job satisfaction is regarded as related to important employee and organizational outcomes, ranging from job performance to health and longevity (Spector, 2003). The importance of job satisfaction in the workplace is underscored by its inextricable connection to a persons entire life. Since a persons job is an all-important part of his life, it follows that job satisfaction is part of life satisfaction. The nature of the environment outside of the job directly influences a persons feelings and behavior on the job . Schultz and Schultz (1998) emphasized that people spend one third to one half of their waking hours at work, for a period of 40 to 45 years, and that this is a very long time to be frustrated, dissatisfied and unhappy, especially since these feelings carry over to family and social life, and affect physical and emotional health. A concept with such tremendous effect on personal and organizational life clearly deserves a corresponding amount of attention. 3.2 Definitions of job satisfaction A great many definitions of the concept of job satisfaction have been formulated over time. Arnold and Feldman (1986) described job satisfaction as the amount of overall affect that individuals have toward their job. Since a job has many characteristics, job satisfaction is necessarily a summation of worker attitudes regarding all these. The good features are balanced against the bad, so that the overall job satisfaction is perceived as high or low. It appears that job satisfaction may be studied from two slightly different perspectives. Firstly, job satisfaction may be treated as a single, overall feeling towards a persons job. Alternatively, researchers may focus on the different aspects that impact upon a job, e.g. its rewards and social environment, and even characteristics of the job itself, such as its content. It is believed that this latter view permits a more comprehensive picture of job satisfaction, as an individual typically experiences different levels of satisfaction ac ross different job aspects (Spector, 2003). 3.3 Theories on job satisfaction 3.3.1 Two-factor theory Two-factor theory relates to job satisfaction as well as it does to motivation, and posits that the things that provide employees with satisfaction at work are not the same as those that bring about dissatisfaction. This is Herzbergs theory of satisfiers and dissatisfiers, or the positive and negative aspects of the job. Dissatisfiers do not lead to job satisfaction, but prevent dissatisfaction if properly maintained, for example, acceptable service conditions. Satisfiers, on the other hand, impact directly on job satisfaction, for example, positive promotion aspects elevate levels of job satisfaction (Gouws, 1995). 3.3.2 Social influence theory Social influence theory holds that people are influenced by how satisfied they believe other workers are with the same job (Van Vuuren, 1990). New employees may, for example, change their initial misgivings about their job when they discover that others performing the same tasks are satisfied with their work. In this sense social influence theory may share certain common features with equity theory. 3.3.3 Affect theory Edwin A. Lockes Range of Affect Theory (1976) is arguably the most famous job satisfaction model. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given facet of work (e.g. the degree of autonomy in a position) moderates how satisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations are/arent met. When a person values a particular facet of a job, his satisfaction is more greatly impacted both positively (when expectations are met) and negatively (when expectations are not met), compared to one who doesnt value that facet. To illustrate, if Employee A values autonomy in the workplace and Employee B is indifferent about autonomy, then Employee A would be more satisfied in a position that offers a high degree of autonomy and less satisfied in a position with little or no autonomy compared to Employee B. 3.3.4 Equity theory Equity theory stipulates that people generally want to receive what they consider a fair or equitable return for their efforts at work. Greater satisfaction is experienced if they perceive the return or reward they receive as equitable. These perceptions may be based on previous or vicarious experience, or on peoples observations of other employees, for example (Van Vuuren, 1990). Job satisfaction in this regard is related to the motivation to achieve a condition of equity or fairness in peoples dealings with others. 3.3.5 Dispositional theory Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory. It is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of ones job. This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Research also indicates that identical twins have similar levels of job satisfaction. A significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was the Core Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge, Edwin A. Locke, and Cathy C. Durham in 1997. Judge et al. argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine ones disposition towards job satisfaction: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-esteem (the value one places on his/her self) and general self-efficacy (the b elief in ones own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over herhis own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction (T.A, E.A C.C, 1997). 3.3.6 Job characteristics model Hackman Oldham proposed the Job Characteristics Model, which is widely used as a framework to study how particular job characteristics impact on job outcomes, including job satisfaction. The model states that there are five core job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback) which impact three critical psychological states (experienced meaningfulness, experienced responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of the actual results), in turn influencing work outcomes (job satisfaction, absenteeism, work motivation, etc.). The five core job characteristics can be combined to form a motivating potential score (MPS) for a job, which can be used as an index of how likely a job is to affect an employees attitudes and behaviors. A meta-analysis of studies that assess the framework of the model provides some support for the validity of the JCM ( J.R G,R, 1976). 3.4 Creating job satisfaction 3.4.1 Work environment A positive work environment is not only important for our physical, mental and emotional health, but is also important for the results that we produce for the company. The better we feel at work, the more likely we will take pride in our job activities and be loyal towards our place of employment Ways to create a positive working environment: Accept the right position Be a positive person Take responsibility Communicate with your manager Be social 3.4.2 Career development programs In organizational development (or OD), the study of career development looks at: How individuals manage their careers within and between organizations and, how organizations structure the career progress of their members, it can also be tied into succession planning within some organizations. the lifelong psychological and behavioral processes as well as contextual influences shaping ones career over the life span. As such, career development involves the persons creation of a career pattern, decision-making st